Bluegrass Messengers

From: Two ancient Scottish poems; the Gaberlunzie-man and Christ's kirk on the green. With notes and observations by John Callander (1782)

[This is an excerpt covering only the analysis by Callander of Gaberlunzie-man; it will not be proofed soon. f=s in some cases.

R. Matteson 2012]

TWO ANCIENT SCOTTISH POEMS

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN,

AND

CHRIST'S KIRK ON THE GREEN

WITH NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

BY JOHN CALLANDER, ESQ. OF CRAIGFORTH.

By strange chanellis, frontcris, and forelandis,

Uncouth colitis, and mony vilium strandis,

Kow goith our barge G. DOUGLAS,

EDINBURGH:

PRINTED BY J. ROBERTSON.

SOLD BY J. BALFOUR, Vv r . CREECH, AND C. ELLIOT,
EDINBURGH ; DUNLOP AND WILSON, GLAS
GOW; ANGUS AND SON, ABERDEEN;
W. ANDERSON, STIRLING ; AND
A. DONALDSON, LONDON.

TO THE HONOURABLE   SIR DAVID DALRYMPLE, BART;
LORD HAILES,  ONE OF THE SENATORS OF THE COLLEGE  OF JUSTICE.

MY LORD,

IN addresses of this sort, it is almost equally  difficult to avoid the servile tone of flattery,  as to fupprefs the honeft feelings of the heart,  while we speak to those we love and esteem.  Happily for me, the public and private character of LORD HAILES will ever fecure the author of the following observations from an  imputation he disdains, while he gladly embraces the opportunity of presenting this little tract to the person who can best judge, whether an attempt to replace the Etymology of  our ancient language on a rational and stable basis, deserves any attention from the public.

Your Lordship has permitted me to look  to you, as the patron and guide of my researches; and it is a poor return to this con-
descension I now make, in subscribing myself;

MY LORD,
Your Lordship's much obliged,
And moft faithful humble servant,

JO. CALLANDER,

CRAIG- FORTH, Jp r il 2. 7

INTRODUCTION.

WE have published these little poems,  which tradition ascribes to James the  Fifth of Scotland, with a few notes, as a specimen of the advantages which Etymology may derive from comparing those called original,
and Jifter languages, and their various dialects.
The science of Etymology has, of late years,
fallen into difrepute, rather, I believe, from
the ignorance or negligence of fome of its pro-
fefled admirers, than becaufe it is of little utility
or importance to the Republic of Letters. But
many attempts, and fometimes with success,
have been made in this kind of inveftigation.
The Dutch has been illuftrated by the Frifian
and Teutonic ; the English by the Anglo-Saxon;  and the German has been explained, with much
labour and care, by Wachter, and others, from  the ancient monuments of the Francs, Goths,
and Akmahni. The learned Ihre, Profeffor at  Upfal, has illustrated the ancient language and laws of Sweden, in his Lexicon Swio-Gothicwn,  a work that will ever be regarded as a noble  treafury of Scandinavian antiquities. Men of learning need not be told how much Britain owes to the labours of Hxkes, Junius, Spelman, and Lye. 'These writers have followed, with indefatigable pains, the faint and almoft vanifli-
ing traces of our ancient language ; and have
fucceeded, as far as it was poflible for men to fucr
ceed, without the knowledge of thofe principles
which alone form the bafis of true Etymology.
Not attending to this great truth, which we
hare recorded in the fcriptures, that the whole
race of mankind formed at Babel one large fa
mily,, which fpoke one tongue, they have con-
fidered the different languages now in ufe all
over our globe, as mere arbitrary founds,
names impofed at random by the feveral tribes
of mankind, as chance dictated, and bearing no
other than a relation of convention to the ob
ject meant to be exprefTed by a particular found.
They were ignorant that the primaeval language
fpoken by Noah and his family, now fublifts
no where, and yet every where ; that is to fay,
that at the difperfion of the builders of Babel,
each hord, or tribe, carried the radical w r ords
of the original language into the feveral diftricts to which the providence of God conducted
them ; that thefe radical words are yet, in a
great meafure, to be traced in all the different
dialects now; fpoken by men ; and that thefe
terms of primary formation are not mere arbi
trary founds, but fixed and immutable, bearing
the ftricteft analogy to the things they defcribe,
and ufed, with very little material variation, by
every nation whofe tongue we are acquainted
with. The proofs of this great etymological
truth rife to view, in proportion to the number
of languages the refearches of the learned, and
the diaries of the traveller, bring to our know
ledge ; and we hope, by the fmall collection we
have been able to form, and which, at fome fu
ture period, we propofe to lay before the pu
blic, to fet the truth of our afTertion beyond the
reach of cavil. But this is not the place to enter
further into the arguments by which we propofe
to elucidate our hypothecs, and therefore we
mail prefent to the reader a word or two, fe-
lefted from a vaft number of others which
might be produced, as a fpecimen how far our
principles are juft, and confonant to analogy.

MOON. Goth. mane. Ulph. mana 9 A. S. mona.  HI. mana. The primitive is the Oriental mun^  enlighten, advertife. Hence Lat. monere, Engl._  monijh, admonijh. Perf. mah, the moon. The Turks write it ma. Gael. mana. Gr. /awn, and  Jol. /xava. Dan. maane. Alam. mano. In the  ancient Arabic manat. Hebr. meni, in Ifa. 66. ii.  and the Americans of Virginia say manith, and
in the Malabar dialed mena, a month. From man the Greeks formed juavta, madness, supposed to be occasioned by the influence of the moon. Hence our maniac, a mad man; Menuet, minuet, sacred dance, and of  very high antiquity, reprefenting the movements of the fun and moon. The primitive  mun, pronounced man, fignifies the hand and a  Jign. Hence mon, men, man, are applied to fun  and moon, alfo to denote every thing relative  to Jigns. Hence Lat.. manus, and our month,  &c.

Inflead of carrying on our researches into the  many other collateral meanings of this word,  we (hall ainufe our readers with another, mew ing that the fame principle of universality in  language prevails in all.'

MALADY. Hebr. malul, evil, chagrin, grief;  tnoul, patience. Pcrf. ;?W/, ; evil. Hebr. mulidan,  to fufFcr. Arab, met, patience. Celt, mal, bad,  corrupt. ' Hence Lat. malum ; Fr. mal; malade ;  malader'te, an hofpital ; the malanders, a difeafe
to which horfes are fubjecl; malice, malignity.

Lat. B. male-qftfofus, ill-Jlarred^ as Shakefpeare
has it, Othello, Aft V.

Had the laborious Johnfon been better acquainted with the Oriental tongues, or had he even underftood the first rudiments of the Northern languages from which the English
and Scots derive their origin, his bulky volumes
had not prefented to us the melancholy truth,
That . unwearied induflry> devoid of fettled
principles, avails only to add one error to another.

Junius, Skinner, and Lye, though far superior to Mr Johnson in their knowledge of the origin of our language, yet, in tracing its foun
dation, feldom go farther back than the Celtic,
and Ulphila's Gothic verfion of part of the New
Teftament. Nay, the elegant and learned Ihre
tells us plainly, that it is unjuft to demand any
thing further. But ftill the, queftion recurs to
an inquifitive reader, Whence were thefe Celtic
and Gothic terms formed ? Every fmatterer
in Etymology knows that the Greek and Latin
are modern tongues, when compared to the-
Oriental and Celtic dialects ; and the blunder
ing attempts of Euftathius, the author of the
Etyniologicon Magnum, Varro, and Feftus,
prove, beyond a doubt, that thefe writers were
equally ignorant of the true meaning of their mother tongues, and of the originals from
whence they were derived. Milled by thofe
blind guides, we find Voflius and Skinner very
gravely afferting, that Venus is formed a veni-
endo, quia omnibus venit ; -vulgus 9 a volvendo ;
ma/us, from the Greek /xsAa?, black, and juaAaxo? ;
manus from munus ; and mans, a mountain, a
movendo, quia minim e movetur ; mare, quod
amarum fit ; mufcle of the body, from mus ; and
mitfquet, from the Greek poir%ps 9 a calf.

It were eafy to fwell this catalogue, which any of our readers may augment at their pleasure from every page of every Lexicographer, ancient and modern.

Of all the Nothern dialects none has been
more neglected than the Scotch, though it
tranfmits to us many works of genius both in
poetry and pfofe ; and alfo fome glofTaries,
which are not unufeful in pointing out the
affinity of the ancient Scotch with its kindred
dialecls. Of thefe, the largeft is that annexed
to Bilhop Douglas's verfion of the ^Eneid.
But it wants many words which actually ex-
ift in that tranflation, and a great many more
are fo diftorted by falfe derivations, that they
only ferve to multiply our doubts.

Our language, as it is at present spoken by  the common people in the Lowlands, and as it  appears in the writings prior to the seventeenth  century, furnifhes a great many obfervations,  highly deferving the attention of thofe who wifh
to be acquainted with the Scandinavian dialects
in general, or the terms ufed by our anceftors
in their jurifprudence and poetry, in particular.
Many of thofe ferve materially to illuftrate the
genius, the manners, and cuftoms of our
forefathers. In Scotland, the Old Saxon dialed,
which came over with 0## and Nebriffb, the
founders of the Northumbrian kingdom, has
maintained its ground much longer than in
England, and in much greater purity. This
mull be owing to the later cultivation of this
part of the ifland, and its lefs frequent commu
nication with ftrangers. In South Britain, the
numerous fwarms of Normans and French, who
followed William, and the Plantagenets, foon
made their language that of the bar, and of the
court. At the fame time, the long wars with
France, and the exteniive poiTeflions of the Englifh.
on that part of the continent, entirely changed
not only the orthography, but alfo the pronun
ciation of the original Saxon ; nor do we hefitate
to fay, what we mall foon endeavour to prove,
that w r e, in Scotland, have preferved the origi
nal tongue, while it has been mangled, and al-
moft defaced, by our fouthern neighbours.

It is an undoubted fact, that the original language of this whole liland was the Celtic, now
fplit into the feveral dialects of the Gaelic, Welch,
and Armoric. In the prefent Scotch, we fee in
deed a few traces of this ancient tongue, which
the inhabitants left behind them, when they
fled for refuge to the mountains of Scotland
and Wales ; but thefe are very eafily diftin-
guiflied from the now prevailing language of
the country. In like manner we difcover to
this day, in the German, many marks of the
fame original, which were infufed into it by the
neighbouring Belgx and Gauls, the pofterity of
the ancient Celts, by whom this Ifland was ori
ginally peopled. Sufmilch has proved this from
the likenefs of many German and Armoric
words. Many more examples might be addu
ced from the Gaelic, in which the radical word
is often preferved, though loft in all the dialects
of the German language. Of this number is
the wordfch/eufe, the root of which is only to
be found in the Welch Llaw 9 the arm, or the
hand. From this word was formed Llawcs,
which has been adopted into all the German
dialects, in the fame manner as manica from
manus, or the Irifh word braccaile, a bracelet,
from brae, the arm, and caile, an ornament or
covering. The word treten, has alfo greatly puzzled the German etyrnologifts, though it
feems naturally derived from the Irifh troed, the
foot, whence alfo comes our word tread.

The intimate connection of the Scots with  the Teutonic, German, Islandic, and other  northern dialects, appears, first, from the similarity of sound, and enunciation. This is  principally to be remarked in the found of the  vowels, which retain the same uniform tones  in the broad Scotch, that they do in the languages above mentioned ; whereas the singular caprice of the Englifh pronunciation has varied
and confounded them beyond the comprehen-
lion of rule. The German guttural pronunci
ation of ch, g, gh, is quite natural to a Scotch
man, who forms the words eight, light, fight,
bought, &c. exactly as his northern neighbours,
and as the Germans do. How much the Eng
lifh have deviated from this, we may fee from
the few following examples.

German.   Scots.    English.

Beide,       Baith,        Both.
Eide,         Aith,         Oath.
Kifte,        Kift,          Cheft.

Meifte, Maid, Moft.

Brennen, Bren, Burn.

Gehe, Gae, Go, &c.

We have to obferve, in the fecond place, that
our language contains many words which were
never admitted into the Englifh dialed:. Thefe,
a few excepted, which are derived from the
Gaelic, are either pure German, or Scandinavian. We have annexed a few examples from
our Scoto-Gothic glossary as a specimen.

Scots* German^ &c.

Blate,   Bel.   Blode.   Dech,   Peeg.  Barm, yeft,  B.  Barm.  Kail,  G.  Kohl.  Coft,  Koefh  Bikker,  G.  Becher.  Sicker, 
Si cher.  Kemp,   Ixampfen,  Haus,  G.  Hals.  Mutch,

G.
Jtfutz.

Skaith,

G.

Schade.

Slough, fkin,
B.

Slu.

Spill,

B.

Spillen.

Red, advife,

G.

Rathen,

Lift, Hey,

G.

Luft.

Tig, touch gently,

B.

Ticken.

ForlofTcn,

G.

Weglaufen.

Biuick,

G.

Branchan.

Reek,

Rauch.

Bouk,

G.

Baugh, the belly.

Fie, cattle,

G.

Vieh.

Kummer,

G.

Kummer, fomnv.

Ivrummy, crooked,

G.

Krumm.

Frtmd,

Fremd, G. Fremd, ftrange.

Low, flame, G. Lohe, flame.

Leglen, G. Leghel, a milking-pail.

Win, G. Wohnen, to dwell.

Yammer, G. Jammern, to complain.

Keek, B. Kieken.

Girn, Ifl. Girnd, defire, anger.

Muil, Ifl. Molld, pulvis.

Egg, Ifl. Egg, acies.

Awn, Goth. Aigan, to poflefs -digin, my own.

Elden, Ifl. Eldur, fire.

Etter and ettercap, Ifl. Eitur, poifon, venom.

Dill, Ifl. Dil, to conceal.

Ern, Ifl. Ernur, large hawk.

Thefe may suffice, though it were easy to add  more examples.

The use of investigating our Scottish dialect,  will also appear from its retaining many radical  words, which are either totally loft in its lifter
languages, or which are no longer enounced in
the primitive founds. In this number is gear^
or gier, which fignifies drefs, furniture, wealth.
This word, like the Greek aty*?, denoting ori
ginally a goat-Jkin^ afterwards afhield, and laftly
the facredjhleld of Minerva, has greatly enlarged
its primitive fignification. From the original
meaning of the Iflandic gera, a Iheep-lkin, this
word came to iignify covering, drefs, ornament,

goods,

14 INTRODUCTION.

goods, riches ; cattle being all thefe to the
moft ancient nations. Now this word is ufed
by our writers, in all thefe acceptations ; and,
though no longer found in the German, yet it
is the fruitful mother of many ancient and
modern words in that language. From it are
evidently derived hanfegeraeth, the Saxon gerada,
and the Swedifh gerad and gerd, tribute paid
both in goods and money ; the etymon of
which neither Spegel nor Ihre underflood:
(Vide Ihre, Lex. in gcrd, utgerdj. The word
graith, in our language fignifying iitenfils and
furniture of all kinds, is from the fame origin ;
as alfo the German gier, a mifer ; gleren, to de-
lire anxioufly ; geirig, covetous ; gern, willing
ly ; whence our yearn, with many others of
the fame family, the lignification being changed
from the objefl itfelf to the defire of poiTeiling it,
and afterwards enlarged to exprefs any deftre in
general, in the fame manner as in Englifli the
word Uquorijh'i from liquor, in its primary fenfe
firtt denoted the defire of drinking, and after
wards any luftful defire . Our word * gar, make,
prepare, is another word not found at prefent
in the German language, in its original meaning.
But from it come the words gar, ready ; garven,
to prepare and curry leather j with a great many
more in the old and pure German dialect ; and in the Alammanic garuuin, garuuen^ whence
garue^ ready, prepared ; the Ifiandic gwr*wer$
ready made ; and in the ancient Runic Ihfcrip-
tions, gjarva, kiariia^ whence our carve, to cut
up, /'. e. prepare meat for 'eating. The Welfli
fay kervio, and the Gaels corrbham.- Cafaubon
and Stephanus were certainly driven to the laft
extremity, while they bring in this word from
the Greek syxsp*, or xa^a, a picture. But with
thefe writers, the moil extravagant conjectures
often fupply the want of folid principles. '

To mention only one inflance more ; our
wordgrean, the muzzle or upper-lip of cattle,
is the only root from whence the German
grynen, to laugh, can be derived, the etymology
of which has given rife to a variety of conjec
tures. Our girn, and the Englifh grin, are from
the fame root.

Thefe few remarks may fuiEce to fhew the
great ufefulnefs and importance of invefligating
the terms and phrafes of our ancient language,
fmce thefe not only tend to elucidate the ancient
manners and cuftoms of our remote anceftors,
but alfo throw much light on its fifter-dialects
of the North ; by which we merai all thofe
fpoken from the heads of the Rhine, and of
the Danube, to the faithefl extremities of Scan
dinavia and Iceland.

It is high time that fomething of this kind
were attempted to be done, before the prefent
Englifh, which has now for many years been
the written language of this country, ihall ba-
nifli our Scottifh tongue entirely out of the
world.

We cannot conclude thefe curfory remarks
without congratulating our readers on the
eftablifliment of a Society, which promifes to
revive a tafte for the ftudy of national antiqui
ty. The worthy nobleman to whofe truly
patriotic fpirit it owes its inftitution, and the
gentlemen affociated for fo laudable a purpofe,
it is hoped, will look with indulgence on this
poor attempt to fecond their endeavours, in re-
ftoring and explaining the ancient language of
Scotland.

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN.

 Pauky auld Carle came o'er the lee, 
 Wi' mony gude eens and days to mee,

Saying,

Gaberlunzie: This word is compounded of Gaber, Gabber, a Wallet or Bag, and Lunzie, loin, i. e. the man who carries the wallet on his back, an itinerant mechanic, or tinker, who carries in his bag the implements of his trade, and strolls about the country mending pots and kettles. In  such disguises as this James V. (as is said) used to go about the country, and to mingle, unknown, with the meanest of his subjects. These frolicksome excursions often gave birth to little amorous adventures, which our witty Monarch made the subjects of his song, as he was second to none of his age in the sciences of poetry and music.

The root of the word gab is the Celt, cab, signifying to contain. Hence Scot, gab, the mouth, which contains our food;  English gobbet, a morsel; the French gober, to swallow, and gofier, the throat. The large barks on Loch-Lomond for carrying wood, are called gaberts. From gab, and gab, come  English gabble; and gabbing is used by Douglas for idle talking, Prologue to I. JEn. p. 6. v. 43. Rud. Edit. and last line of leaf 3. Lond. Edit. 410, 1553.

" Quhilk is nae gabbing fouthly, nor no lye."

In the same sense, Itl, gabb; Ludibrium, gabba, to deride;  A. Sax. gabbant and many more words of the fame import,
gaggle, gaffer, and Old Fr. gaber, gabbafer, to mock ; gabatine, mockery ; Islandic gamman, drollery ; Gal. geuhbeth,
falsehood ; and ga<w, ca<w, gab, cheating ; Old Fr. ganelon,  a traitor. We have collected these words from various languages, as they not only explain the primitive idea of the word gaber, which none of our Etymologies have done, but prove
what we mall every moment have occafion to mew, that the radical term once ascertained, throws light on all its derivatives, which are easily reducible to it, though scattered far distant from each other, among the various dialects used by different nations. To this family belongs Lat. capio, whence our capacity, capture ; the Scots cap, a drinking vessel; cab, a measure, mentioned in the Version of the Old Testament ; and many more, all including the idea of capacity or content; as cabin, Belg. kaban; ^Nc\fa, cab, caban, all signifying the same thing ; Gr. %.&7ra.*v ; Lat. cabana, cabbage, from
the form of its top, refembling a bason or large cup, which has much puzzled Junius; Lat. cavus, our cave, and the Fr.
and Engl. cabinet.

Lunzie] We have elsewhere observed, with Mr Ruddiman, that the Z, by the old Scots writers, is always used in the beginning of the syllable for the English Y. The reason is, that the figure Z much resembles the Saxon G, which the English often change into Y, as yard horn geard; yea homgea;  year from gear, &c. Thus Tetland is by us written Zetland, and ye, year, young ; ze, zere, zyng ; ranzies, fenzles, for reins, feigns, and the like. This we remark once for all. In other sister dialers Z has the force of S. Thus Bel. zour, four ; zuid, fouth ; zon, fun ; Slav, zakar, sugar ; Ital. zanni, Gr. <#c>'c/> and in the Bar. Gr. ^AVQI, buffoons, whence our zany.

Lunzie] Lung, loin, lunzie ; bene, the thigh bone. la Swed. lend, land, the loin. In the Laws of Gothland, cap.
23. 4. Synes lend QC lyndtr ; fi appareant lumbi et pudenda.
They alfo write it Ljumske; Ihre, in voce. Ifl. lend, boh, lednvi.
Ger. lenden and lanken, and hence QVX flank. Welfh, Lkvyn;
and in Finland, landet, the loin. Ital. longia ; Fr. longe ;
Scot. lend. Vide Not. S. Kirk. St. From the ancient
Goth. Ljumske ; the Lat. lumbus ; Dan. ljufke ; whence our
lisk. The primitive is Lat, Let, broad, extended ; whence the
Gr. -Thct.T> , and the Latin latus.

Thus the Gaberlunzie-man literally signifies the man who bears a bag, or wallet, on his back or loins; a pedlar; Scot, a pack-man.

STANZA I.

VER. i. Pauky} Sly, cunning, Bel. Paiksn, to coax or wheedle. Douglas, p. 238, v. 37.

Prattis are repute policie, and perreilus paukis.

Auld] Old Ger. alt, as eald. Ifl. aldradur. Dan. Eeld. Scot. eild. Cafaubon brings this from WKOC, vetus, and Lye
from &K~K, augeo ; as if our anceftors had no word to ex-
prefs old age, till they got it from the Greeks. But this is
indeed an old wife's tale. The primitive E denotes exiftence ;
every thing that lives. Hence Eve is called emphatically, the
mother of all living. Lat. eft. Fr. etre, being, e^en^ld, whence
our effence, what conftitutes the being of that thing. Hence Hebrew hei, life, and God emphatically ; i. e. He who lives*
heie, to live, life itfelf. Arab, hei hi, to live, to be glad.
In Zend, gueie, foul, life. This word furnifhes a remarkable
example of the truth of our general principle, explained in the
preface, and therefore we hope the reader will allow ua to
trace it a little further. The afpirate H, in the northern dia
lects, is changed into W, and Qu, and hence Swed. weet,
wight, living animal ; Engl. and Scot, wight; Goth, qwick,
lively ; ewicka, quicken, quick-lilver, from its lively motion.
In Sued. qwick-Jtlfwer. The Latins ufed the V, and fo
formed vita, vivere, vivax, vittus, viflo, vis, vigor, vigeo, and a
thoufand more ; as alfb the derivatives we have adopted from
that language, vivacity, violent, vivid, &c. Voilius, able to
get no further than the Greek, deduces vita from (T/arw : but
to{, life ; Cict, violence, Gt&wrat, io&, all come from
one primitive, as alfo Gr. K, the vis of the Latins, i^vs,
ityjjtc, tsy^vpoc, only by fupprelling the afpirate. In the
more ancient dialects of Scandinavia, we find the lame word
denoting the fame objects ; Teuton, vuith. Ifl. vaetir. a Sax.
vught, vight, all fign. animals, living creatures ; and the
Alam. quick, quickr. Old German queck. T)zn.queg, living,
animal, every thing alive. Suab. vich, viech, animal. From
the fame fource we formed wife. Bel. wyf. Swed. wif.
SuaK wib, all fignifying woman, mother of a family.

Thus we have followed this "word from the remotest East, to the farthest extremities of the Weft and North. Such coin
cidences of found and meaning, demonftrate that language is
no arbitrary thing, nor etymology that fallacious fcience it
has been called, by thofe who find it more eafy to decide in
hafte, than to examine at leifure.

Carle'\ The true spelling is karl in all the Scythian dia
lects, in which it denotes a man, or warrior. The primitive is carkar) (Irong. This root we have preferred in the Ar
menian, in which car, poiTe, valere, et carol, potens. Not attending to the universality of language, the learned Ihre
did not fee the juftnefs of this Etymology. From kair, kar,
the Mefogothic, vair, a man ; whence the Lat. vir, vira, a
woman, as from the Gothic kas t they formed vas, which
Voflius could make nothing of, though he has flung together
every paflage almoft, where this word occurs. From karl are
formed the Alamm. karl; Ger. her 1; A. S. ceorl; Ifl. karl; JL. B.
Carolus, karlus. Vid. Cange Glofs. in V. From kerl, Sued.
karlklader, men's clothes ; karlfrnather, and %ar/fiuag, the high
way ; and in the old Gothic laws karljlo, man's habitation. The
word karl is oppofed to gajfe, a youth j the former denoting a
man of ripe age. We find that of old, in the Gothic, as now
with us, karl, and carl, were ufed to fignify people of a low
rank, fuch as farmers, mechanics, &c. In the old laws, (ap.
Ihre glofs. Vol. I. P. 1033,) karl oc homing, plebs et prin-
ceps ; and in Gothr. Saga, cap. 86, opter that I karls hufi er
ej er in congs ranni, oft do we meet in a cottage, what we
feek in vain in the palaces of kings. In general, karl is ufed
to fignify a husband ; and in Sweden the country-women call
their hufbands min-karl. In the Swedifh tongue the gander
is called gas-karl. So in Engl. a carle-cat, is the male of
that fpecies. The Anglo-Saxons fay ceorl, for a hufband,
and ceorlian, to m^rry.

As this word was commonly ufed to fignify nifties, the En-
lifh from it formed churl, ckurlijh. In the A. S. ceorlborin
is a man meanly born ; ceorlife, a ruftic ; ceorlife hlaf, loaf
made of the fecond flour. In Dutch, kaerle a ruftic ; whence
the Italian phrafe, a la carlona, like a ruftic, ill-bred. The
Welch carl has the fame meaning. As karl, all over the
north, denotes an elderly man, from it we have formed carling,
an old woman of the loweft caft, a word which occurs in all

our poets.

The

22 THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN.

Saying, Gudewife, for zour courtelle,

Will zee ludge a filly poor man.

The

The Bar. Lat. Carolus, and our Charles, come from the
fame origin, a name of high antiquity among the Germans,
from whom we borrowed the name of the conftellation
Charles's wain, in Gothic Karhvagn, and in Sax. Carleas
<wagn ; Dan. Karlvogn. This proves the ignorance of thofe
who will have this name given to thefe ftars in honour of
Charles the Great, which was in general ufe many ages before
Gharlemain was born. The Welch alfo call this confutation
Cart Wyn.

VER. i. Lee, or lea\ An unplowed field, or a field for
merly under corn, and afterwards laid down in grafs. Primi
tive la, and le, fignify broad, extended. A. S. lea, leag,
leak. Old Ger. la, lo, lohe. Goth, lee, which Ihre explains,
locus tempejlatibus fubdutlus ; whence our lo<iun t calm. In
the northern parts of Germany, we have it in many names of
places, as Oldejloh, Kartla, Lohagen, &c. vide Grupen An-
tiq, Van Den Bonnen. P. 556. Ifl. logn, and Goth, lugn,
fign. calm. The Hebr. lech, denotes a meadow, green, ver
dure ; and the Polifh leka is the fame, for all thefe are deri
ved from the fame root, la. The Celtic and Gallic las, fign,
grafs. Welch Llys ; bas, Brett, luzavan. Hence Lucern,
a fpecies of grafs growing abundantly in Switzerland. The
'Canton of Lucern has its name from this plant, not the
plant from it, as the high antiquity of the word proves.

VER. 3. Gudenvife'] Properly the mother of a family ;
Goth, ivif, a woman, a married woman. A. S. id. Ger.
iveif. This by fome has been derived from <wif<wa, to
weave ; by others from <wif, or biu'ifr a woman's head-drefs,

in

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 23

in the fame way as the Swedes fay gyrdcl and linda, the belt,
and girdle for the man and the woman. They alfo ufe batt
and hatta, the hat and cap, in the fame fenfe. But the true
primitive of this word is E, life, exigence ; whence Eve, the
general mother of mankind ; Arab, beih, the female fex,
alfo modefty. This word heih, pronounced bat, gave birth
to the ancient formulary of marriage among the Romans, Ubi
tu eras Caius (fays the woman) ego eno Cat a. None of their
writers tell us any thing of the origin of thefe verba concepta.
Caia was in reality a title of honour given to the Roman
matrons, anfwering to that of Thant, ufed by the Etrufcans ;
whence, it would feem, the Italian Donna came. So Pliny,
1. 8. cap. 48. tells us that Caia Kaikilia, wife to the elder
Tarquin, was called in the Hetrufcan, Thana Quilis. He
and hei, the primitive, with the change of the H into G, the
cafieit of all tranfpofitions, formed in Greek y&u, whence
yiyttea, to generate, ywsst< 9 ytvot, race, family; yovtv*;,
parent ; yui",-, a wife ; Lat. genus, g'tgno, gens ; Chin, gin ;
Celt, gen, a man ; Greenl. kora ; Ifl. Teut. Dan. kona; Cuen.
qtttn, woman ; and our quean and queen ; Gaelic, quenaft, to
marry ; Slav. fyena, a woman ; and Fr. guenon, the female
monkey.

From the fame root the Earth, the nourifher of men and
animals, is, in every language, called by the fame appellation.
Chinefe chi ; GaeL^ou*; Zend^w^M, enanm; Pehlvi^<r,
ha, the world ; Gael, gwaed, riches, goods produced by the
Earth ; Celtic, gueth, a poor man, one deftitute of thefe
goods, compofed ofgue, the Earth, and the negative termina
tion th ; Ancient Gr. A/, yctiz, yta., and yn, the Earth.
Hence we can eafily trace the origin of the Latin egeo and
tgenus, which literally fignifies to be without ground, to be
deftitute of the fruits of the Earth. Inops, from the negative

i 4 THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN.

in and ops, the ancient appellative of our common mother, as
in that verfe of the old poet Acclus, Ap. Prifc. Lib. 7.
'* Quorum genitor fertur effe ops gentibus."

Pkutus Ciftellar :

" Itaque me ops opulenta illius avia, imo mater quidem."

How little Voflius and IGdorus knew the real origin of the
Latin words, may be feen, apud VofT. Etym. in Egens.
Nor has Feftus fucceeded a whit better, when he fays, Egens,
velut exgens, cui ne gens quidem fit reliqua ; and yet thefe
writers are called Etvinologifts. We leave them amidft thefe

./ O J

futile derivations, and proceed to obferve, that from this primi
tive he, life, nourifhment, are derived a number of Celtic
words, all of the fame import ; as hel, our bay, food of ani
mals produced by the Earth ; beize, barley ; hat, trees, a
foreft ; bci, <wei, pafturage, hunting ; he and kai, habitation,
literally the place where we live. And as thofe who ^abound
in goods are, or mould be cheerful, hence Gr. y&u, rejoice ;
Chinefe, gao, to laugh or be glad ; Celt, gae, id. Latin,
gavifus, gaudere ; the French and our 'gay, and Scot.

gauf.

We have extended our remarks on this word, as it ftrongly
confirms our hypothecs relating to the univerfality of the pri
mitive language, and the exigence of its elementary parts, in
every dialecl: fpoken by men, even at this day, from the re-
moteft parts of the Earl, to the fartheft limits of the North
and Weft. In all thefe languages, we have feen that this
root, exceedingly firnple. in itfelf, has proved the fruitful
mother of many families in every quarter of the globe. Thefe
may mew, that the primaeval language was not eradicated at
Babel, but only fplit into a great variety of dialecls, as the
facred Hiftorian informs us ; and that the feveral languages
HOW in ufe, are fo far from being formed by the tribes who

fpeak

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 25

The night was cauld, the carle was wat,
And down azont the ingle he fat ;

My

fpeak them, that they are only branches of that primaeval tree,
which flourifhed long before the deluge.

We might eafily accumulate more proofs of the truth of our
leading principle, were we to. add the Hebr. <?/>, being ; Indian
ke; Perf. aift ; Gr. r ; Lat. eft; Bafq. if an ; Celt, es ;
Teuton, ifly, ys ; Ital. e ; and Englifli // . But thefe we fhall
referve for our GlofTary, in compiling of which we have al
ready made fome progrefs.

VER. 4. Si/fy. -Simple, without guile. In old Englifli _,#,
felie. So Chaucer, Miller's Tale, and Reve's Tale, y. 992.
The Sefy Carpenter, and elfe where felts- man. This is quite
different from Sely 9 :fign. 6o/y, from Goth.y2?%, A. S. /*/.

VER. 5. Cauld. In this word we have an inftanc.e of
our following the original orthography. Ulphila writes calds ;
A. S. ceald; Ifl. caldur and kulde ; Alam. kalt ; Pan. kulds
all fignifying cold.

Wat. Engl. wet; Prim. , au t water; Ulph. nuato ;
Goth, nuatn; Pol. <waf, humid; A. S. water; Alam. ivuafzar;
Ger. ivajfer ; Pol. wxda ; Gr. C 7 Jlp, which Plato (in
Cratylo) allows to be a barbarous word ; and he is in
the right, for the Greeks had it from the Celtic. Ifland.
iidr is water. Hence Goth, wattu-jjktjg, the dropfy,
literally the woatcr-Jickneft. From the Ifl. tuatfo, the Eng-
lifh <wajh. From the fame origin comes the Swedifli 0, an
Ifland, becaufe furrounded with water ; Aland, JEland, an
Ifland in the Baltic ; Ho-lland t literally a land of waters.
There is a diftrift in Normandy called Augs t for the fame
jeafon. JLan has the fame origin.

D We

2 6 THE GABERLUNZ lE-MAN.-
We (hall add fome other coincidences of language here, in
jnpport of our general principle, that" the radical words of the
iirft tongue are to be found in dialects fpoken by nations, who
never had any connection with each other fmce the difperfiori
at Babel. Thefe are fo numerous, and deviate fo little both
from the original found and fenfe, that it can never be fuppofed,
without the groffeft abfurdity, to be the effect of chance. Thus
the Chinefc ho hu, fignifies water in general, a lake, and hai,
the fea. The Tartar Icho, a river in Siberia ; and in the fame
language, 0-mo, a lake, literally a great water, for mo is
great. Greek <jV, water; whence %&, to rain, yJ^'p* y/^?
u/p/t ; yet Stephanas and Scapula tell us, that u^? and vu
are radical words, not knowing that no radical word ever con-
' lifted' of two fyliables. Indeed, we may venture to alien, that
no example can be produced cf a true radical word having more
than one. The public has lately been told, in very pompous
terms, that the Greek language is the work of philofophers,
complete and perfect in itfclf. We can mod eafily mew, that
this wild afTertion is fo far from being true, that no pcrfcn, but
one utterly devoid of all {kill in Etymology and the analogy of
language, could have hazarded an hypothecs fo replete with
ablurdity. So far is the Greek tongue from being the work
of philofophers, that one of ;heir befl philofophers, in one of
his (belt) dialogues, ingenuoufiy confefTes, that he. is quite ig
norant of the origin of many of the mod common words in
the language. Such is the word uJ\p mentioned above, and
a vafl number of others, which he, with a true Attic fupercili-
ous air, allows to have been borrowed from the Barbarians.
True it is, thefe terms do derive their origin from the Scy
thians, Thracians, Phrygians, and Celts, whofe language ex-
ifted many ages before Athens was even a poor village. Tivj
very meanefl of thefe people, whom he iHgmatifes with tlr;
rjipie of Barbarians, could have informed him of the origin of

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 27

'/{, as well as of many others of which he owns himfelf
equally ignorant. After Plato, it is almoft needlefs to obferve,
that thofe who were far inferior to this Athenian in the know
ledge of language, were {till more unfortunate in their explica
tions. Let every page of Hefychius, Euftathius, Suidas, the
Etymologicon Magnum, Tzetzes, Harpocation, and the whole
herd of their commentators and lexicographers, bear witnefs
to their ignorance, and account for the difgrace into which the
ufeful ftudy of Etymology has, by their means, fallen among
thofe who have rafhly concluded, that becaufe nothing good
was done by thefe Scioli in the profeffion, therefore nothing
better could be done. Let us leave this language of yefterday,
Jakl to be formed by philofophers, to the admiration of thofe
profound philofophers, who have told us, that, in certain
Iflands in the Eaftern Ocean, the human race have tails, and
whofe credulity can digeft the account the natives of Attica
gave of themfelves, pretending that they fprung, like mum-
rooms, from the very foil on , which they dwelt. All thefe
pretenders to the higheft antiquity, were outdone in Grecian
rhodomontade by the Arcadians, who averted, that they inha
bited their mountainous diltricT: long before the moon appear
ed in the heavens.

We haften to return from a digreflion, which,, we are
afraid, many of our learned readers will deem unneccfTary ;
though perhaps others may think, that the hints here thrown
cut, concerning the Greek tongue, may help to loofen the
college-fetters of thofe, who, from their early youth, have been
accuuoraed to look upon nothing as genuine and valuable, un-
lefs found in fome of the writers of claflic authority ; nor any
thing exprefTed with elegance and propriety, unlefs written
in Greek. The chronological blunders of thofe, who are per
petually deriving Scythian, Tartar, and Celtic words', from

D 2

28 THE GABERLUNZTE-MAN.

a language which did not receive its prefent form, till many
centuries after the others were fpoken and cultivated, deferve
nothing but contempt.

We have fliid that tf/top comes from the primitive Celtic
d JJ, water, liquid. From the fame origin the Latins form
ed udus, humidus, bumeo, humor, hyems, literally the feafon of
rains, concerning which, fee the nothings of Voflius, in
HuiKor and ffyems. From the fame caufc the 'T<x<Tt?>
Hyades* derived their name. The primitive an was fome-
times pronounced oua ; whence Fr. eau 9 the Lit. aqua, and,'
with the termination ter, ouatef, water.

VER. 6. Azont. Beyond. A. S. legeond, legeondan.
The primitive is ga ge, to go, and en, forward, or beyond the
place one flood in. Ulphila, ganga, to go or walk ; whence''
our gang, gae, and gete, way, as in S. G.it is written ga. From.
ga, written ba, the Greeks formed Ccta, Caiva, and all
their derivatives. The Englirh gad-abov.t is from the fame
origin ; and Ihre explains the S. G. gadda, capita conferre,
ut folent novas res molientes. The fame idea is found in the
A.S.gaderian,gadran ; ~&t\. gaderin ; whence '&&$. gather ;
the Ger. gatten and ehegatten> married pair. Ulphila, Mark
3. V. Ja fah gaiddja fitt mang'eei, the people were gathered
together. Wherever in the Masfo Gothic we find the prefix:
ga, it always denotes a gathering, or going together. So
ga/inthja, comitatur ; garanznans, vicini, from razn, a ho life -
gadailans, partaker, from dail, a part; galhaiba, contubernales,
from illaibs, bread ; Alamm. caleibo, literally Eaters of the
fame bread, whence Ihre deduces Fr. compagnon, eompanion.
The Ifl. kuon gaudur, married,, is from the fame orioin, as
Wachter rightly obferves, though Ihre does not approve of
this derivation.

VER. 6. Ingle. This word is commonly derived from
ignis. In our language it denotes a fire on the hearth, or in

kilns

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 2>

My dochter's fhouthers he 'gan to clap.
And cadgily ranted and fang.

O

kilns and ovens, and is ufed by Douglas in many places. It
is likewife preferred in Cumberland, as Ray informs us.

VER. 7. Clap. From the Ifl. and Goth, klappa, to clap
the hands. Dan. klappe. Belg. klappen, cloppen. This word
is plainly an onor?iatap<ea, formed from the found made by clap
ping the hands. Hence too was formed the Greek MhaLinut
tundere. Whence Junius idly derives our word c/ap. The
fpeaking by the fingers was an art well known to the ancient
Iflanders, who called it clapruner, or letters formed by the
motion of the hands, vide Worm. Litt. Run. p. 4!. The
watchmen in Holland carry a wooden instrument with two
leaves, which, by clapping together, produce a great noife ;
whence thefe night-guardians are called klappennsn. In the
ancient Alammanick, the tongue of a bell is called clepel ;
whence our Scots word to clep, or talk idly, repeating the
fame thing over and over. The Dutch ufe the verb klappsn,
in the fame fenfe. Goth, klxk, infamy, difhonour ; klxknanw,
klxkord, opprobrious language, nicknames. The ingenious
and learned profefTor Hire takes kL-cpa, with great probability,
from the primitive laf, the hand ; Suiogoth. lofa, lofwa ;
Welch I law ; whence Scot, lufe, the palm of the hand ; and
the Latin vola ; Welch Hoffi, d)b$, to ftroke with the hand.
Hefych.

To ftricke, from the fame origin, as alfo colaphtis, and
alapa, Bar. Lat. ecluffa. In a charter of the year 1285,
<* Si mulier det ei unum eclaffa^ non debet bannum." Cange
in voce.

VER. 8. Cadgily. After the manner of the cadgers, or
thofe who carry about goods for fale in cages, by us called

THE GABERLUNZIE-MANi

II.

O Wow ! quo' he, war I as free,
As firft whan I faw this country,
How blythe and mirry wad I be !

And I wad never think lang.

He

creels t on horfes backs, who ufe to fmg, in order to beguile
the tedioufnefs of the way. Prim, ca, cad, cap, any thing
made for containing, as we have already obferved. Some
think it comes from the Gael, cadhla I.

VER. 8. Ranted. Made a noife. Prim. Hcbr. ran, to
cry. Hence the Latin rana, a frog, and French grenouillf,
its diminutive. From hence Gr. y<syvo$, which Stephanui
in Bid'vvta. explains T/jtpo? CctTfa&^of > alfo written yvfii'o<
yzpivc{> as Euftathius obferves.

S T A N Z A II.

VER. i. Wow. Interjection, from Ger. web, alas; Id.
ivarla, with difficulty ; Snorro, Tom. 2. P. 102. Siva war la
feck. Brxtitut aegre dirui poffit ; written alfo valla, verkunna,
to have pity; and S. G. warkunna, id. Douglas p. 158.
27.

" Ut on the wandrand fpreits wow thou cryis."
VER. 3. Blytb.Glid. A. S. blytbs ; Belg. bly, id. Ul-
phila bleiths, pitiful. Lucke 6. 36. "Jab Atta ifvoara bleitbs
ift, as your father is merciful. In the A. S. it denotes meek,
placid, Jimple ; Ifl. blutber, bludur, bland, affable. Hence
the A. S. blithfan, bletjlan, rejoice ; whence our blefs. In
Douglas it is written blyith.

VF.R. 5.

THE GABERLUNZ IE-MAN. 3*

He grew canty, and fcho grew fain ;
But Httle did her auld minny ken

What

VER. 5. Canty. Cheerful. Belg. hantig, merry. E&
cantiger karl, a garaefome fellow ; and, as cheerfulnefs attends
good health, the Chefliire-man fays, very cant, God yield you*
i. c. very ftrong and lufty. To cant too, is ufed for recover
ing or growing better ; Yorkmire, A health to the goodwife
canting* recovery after child-bearing. Douglas, cant, merry,
cheerful ; cant, the language of gypfies, vid. Spelm. in Egyp-
tiani. Gaelic, caint, difcourfe ; canteach, full of talk. From
this Celtic origin comes Lat. cano, to fing ; Fr. chanfon,
chanter, &c. Lat. occento, de qua voce vide Feft. It would
have faved VofEus much labour, had he known the true
Etymon.

VER. 5. Fain. Full of wifhes. Douglas writes it fane,
glad; \3\r>\\\\?(. faginon , id. Ifl. fcigin ; A. S, <w^gn y fegn.
Ulphila thus tranflates the Angel's falutation of Mary, Luke
I. xxviii. Fagino anftataud ahafta, "Rejoice, thou fult'of
f grace ;" correfponding exactly to the Gr. p/at/fg ; Ift.fog-
nudur, joy.

VER. 6. Minny mother. This word belongs to the In
fantine Lexicon, being ufed by very young children $o their
mothers. The prim, is min, little, beautiful, pleafa,nt. Hence
Goth, minna, to love ; Alamm. minnon ; Fr. vjignw, and
mignard. From hence mama ; Scot, mamy ; Fr. waman ;
Goth, mamma ; " vyx" (fays'Ihre) " qua blaudientes in-
f fa rites mat r em compellant" Welch, mam ; Armor, mant-
maetb, a nurfe. Gr. Mafjtu&> Aria. Helladius (apud Phot.
in Bibl.) informs us, that in ancient Greece the mothers
were called TTATCT^/. Confer Cringe in Gloil. Grace- who
alfo obfcrves that, in the middle Larinity, the fa ft was cJIcJ
a ; and hence comes Fr. wammelle. Pelletier, in Lexi-

CO

32 THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN*

What thir flee twa togidder war fayen,

Whan wooing they war fae thrang,

III.

And O ! quo* he, ann zee war as black,
As evir the crown o' your daddy's hat,

co Brit, p, 570, juftly obferves, " Ce mot eft peutetre un dea
? plus anciens du raonde, car c'eft apres les cris, la premiere
*' ouverture de la bouche du petit enfant, a quila nature dicle,
qu'il a befoin de nourriturc, qu'il ne peut recevoir que de
*' la mammelle, de celle qui lui a donne la vie." The Hebr.
tm fignifies mother. From the Prim. min t little, is formed
the Lat. minor, (the or being the mark of comparifon), and
minimus. When we come to the Eighth Stanza of this Ballad,
we mall explain the connexion betwixt this and outcome*

VER. 2. Wooing. A. S. itjQgere, lover, whence our *woo-
tr. It has been thought, and with probability, that this word
was formed from the cooing of the dove, as Douglas fays, p.
404. 27.

I mene our awin native bird, gentil Dow,
Singand on hir kynde, 1 come bidder to ivoo,
So prikking her grene curage for to crowde
In arnorus voce, and ivonvar foundis lowde.

This is, at leaft, a better conjecture than that of Junius,
who deduces it from wot. The A. S. ivogan, fign. to
marry.

STANZA III.

VER. 2. Daddy. Engl. dad, father. The prim, is da,
7, every thing elevated in dignity and power, and being

denote

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 33

formed by a ftrong prefTure of the tongue againrr. the teeth, it
comes to be a part of the child's firit language, addrefling him
whom he is taught to look up to with reverence. Hence this
radical word has given rife- in every language, to thofe which
denote elevation. Such is the Celtic Di, God, the Supreme
Being; dun, a hill ; dome, dum, din, a judge. Hence too
the Gr. c/War?, =flv'a/<, power ; and the Lat. dominus,
dominatio ; the Greek a.u.&u y to tame, /. e. bring into fub-
jection ; bur dame, miftrefs.

In many dialects the d is changed into t, and moft often,
in thofe fpoken in the North, though we alib find it in the
Weft, as in the Lat. totus, totality ; Fr. tajfsr, enta/er, to
heap up. Ta, tata, father. From the idea of fatherly protec
tion, were formed di, ti, prince or protector ; and the Lat.
tego, tettum, whence the Engl. proteft, pro-tec-tion ; and
many more.

We mail here collect a few more infantine words, plainly de
rived from the ftruclure of the vocal organs, and the moil eaiy
movements of their feveral parts. Such are, />#/>/>#, mamma, dad %
atta ; Fr. bon ; bobo, bibbi, puppet ; Fr. poupee ; bufs. Thus
Cato, de Lib. Educand. talking of this part of language, " cum
cibum et potum, buas et papas, vocent ; matremq ; maman,
" patrem,/>^w." We may add to thefe, pap, baba, and even
the ancient ftory of the word bek, pronounced by two chil
dren educated by Pfammytichus king of Egypt, remote from
all commerce with mankind, as Herodotus informs us. Con
fer. Prefident de Brofie's Mechanifm du Language, torn, i . p.
231. feqq. To evince the univerfality of this truth, we
might cite the Hebr. phe, and Chald. pbum, mouth. Whence
the fart of the Latins ; the Hebr. phar, or par, ornament.
Whence Latin paro, and Fr. parer, parure ; Hebr. pulful,
herbage. Whence the Lat. puls ; the Gr. Cov, and Vx#,
ts> feed ; cfa, 9 meat ; Lat. voro, devoro, and our devour ;
E

?4 THE GABERLUNZIE-M AN.

4 Tis I wad lay thee be me bak,

And awa wi' thee I'd gang.

And

Gator, little ; and the Ital. bambino ; the Hebr. lag, nourim-
ment, from the Prim, bek ; from which is derived the Teuton.
and Ger. becken, a baker ; Babble, Ger. babbelen.

But how happen all thefe coincidencies ? To this vain que-
ftion we will only anfwer, in the words uf the learned Prefi-
dent laft quoted, " L' homme parle, parceque Dieu Pa
" cree etre parlant" The vocal organs are conftructed a-
like in every tribe of mankind, and all children pronounce
thofe founds firft, which are moft eafily formed by the mo
tions of thefe wonderful inftruments. The founds they vary,
and multiply, in proportion as practice makes them better ac
quainted with the organic powers, and more ready in the ap
plication of them. For the fame reafon, too, we find all the
radical words in every tongue we are acquainted with, to be
monofyllables, thefe being the firft eflays of man in ufing the
vocal organs.

To the lift of languages, in which dad, tat, fignifiesy^-
ther, let us add the Gael, daid \ Welch dad', Cornifh tad\
and Armorick tat.

Verfe 4. jiwa~\ Erigl. away ; A. S. an <w<zge, from
a way. Douglafs, p. 1 24. 1. 4.

" And the felf hour mycht haif tane us

From gae, to go. This is an inftance where
our fouthern neighbours have vitiated the true old pronounci-
ation. The primitive letter G, being a guttural, is therefore
painted in all the ancient alphabets like the neck of a camel, or
with a remarkable bending in its figure, as in the Gr. r ; the

Hebr.

. 3PHE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 35

Hebr. j(. Hence it necefTarily denotes every thing in the form
of canal or throaty and every thing that runs or pafles fwiftly.
We hope to produce many examples of this in our Scoto-
Gethic GlofTary. Mean while, we only obferve the likenefs
in the following inftances. Ulphila fays gaggan, to go ; and
gagg, a ftreet or road. Though this vVord occurs very often in
the Codex Argenteus ; yet Junius has omitted it in his learn
ed gloflary on Ulphila's verfion of the Gofpels. Ger. gechen ;
Belg. gaen ; Dan. gaa. From hence comes the Lat. <?<?,
without the G ', and the Gr. *-//?. Plato (in Cratylo, P.
281, Fie.) owns that X.-M is a barbaric term. The other
correfponding word l&>, is undoubtedly Celtic ; and here Vof-
fius (in eo) ftops, being quite ignorant of the primitive word,
and that no true radical term has ever more than one fy liable.
Ihre's deep refearches into ancient languages enabled him to
difcover this truth ; " Lingua" (fays he, Glofs. Vol. I. Col.
646.) " quo. arltiquior, eo monofyllabicarum vocum ditior
" efh" Pity this very ingenious Etymologifl had not carried
this obfervation more into practice. The Armor, for^, fay
.kea, her. The Goths call rogation days, gandagar ; literally,
walking days, from the proceflions that then were ufually made
round the corn-fields, during the darknefs of popery. Ihre
jultly terms thefe ambarvalia chriftiana. Rolf, the firft who
led the Scandinavians into Normandy, being a man of great
ftature, could find no horfe flrong enough to carry him. Be
ing therefore always obliged to march on foot, from that cir-
cumftance he was iurnamed Ganga Hrotf, by the Illandic hi-
ftorians. Gangare, in the old Gothic laws, is " equus tola-
** tarius qui tolutim incedit." In one of the refcripts of King
Magnus, anno. 1345* the bridegroom fends to his future
fpoufe, en gdngarejadul) betzil, axmaxapo, och hata y a horfe,
faddle, bridle, cloak, and head-drefs. Money of allowed
currency is called gangfe ; and gangjarn^ hinges j and hence
E 3 the

36 THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN.

And O ! quo' fho, ann I war as whyte
As er the fnaw lay on the dyke,

I'd

the Fr. gond. Perhaps our old word game, in Douglafs, a
dart, or arrow, comes from the Prim, ga, p. 461. 48.

41 So thyk the ganziss and the flanys flew.'*
And p. 343. 46.

" Als fwift as ganze or fedderit arrow fleis."

VER. 6. Snaw"] Snow ; another inftance of the Englifh
perverfien of our ancient language. Ulph. fnaiivs ; A. S.
fna<w i Allam. fne ; Ifl. fnior ; Swed. fnio ; Prim. a<w ;
water, ever foft and flowing gently. Hence Gr. va.vuv ;
Hefich. vctu&, e pf<*> fv<r&, fluit, manat ; A. S. fniivan, to
fnow. How ridiculous are Junius, and the other lexico
graphers, who deduce our word from the Greek ? Surely our
anceftors had feen fnow long before they faw Greece. The
ancient Goths were fond of prefixing f to many of their
words ; and hence the Prim, aiu, water, became with them
fnaiu ; Sclavon. fneg ; Pol. fnieg. When the f is taken
away, it became niv with the Latins, and neve with the
Italians ; fo the Gr. vtpa.<; 9 denotes a thick falling fnow.

Dyke~\ This has been prepofteroufly derived from
vtr^oc, a wall. The true primitive is the Celtic digh,
folid, ftrong, powerful ; applied particularly to every rampart,
whether to keep off enemies, beafts, or inundations. Hence
the Tti'fcof of the Greeks ; Ger. teich ; Bclg. dyke ; French
digue ; the Ger. dick, folid ; whence our word thick . The
other German word dight, fign. folid, connected; A. S. die,
rampart ; dician, gedician, to build a rampart. Hence our

ditch ;

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 37

I'd cleid me braw and lady like,

And awa wi' thee lid gang.

IV.

ilitch ; A. S. diker, a ditcher ; the Gr. JWeA-Atf, a fpade ;
fT/^aAA/TMij a digger, one who ufes the fpade.

VER. 7. Chid} Engl. clothe. Our claith is the true
pronounciation, not the Englifh cbath, our word being im
mediately formed from the Goth, klaede^ clothing, and klaeda,
to clothe. Prim, kla kle, covering ; A. S. clath. Obferve,
that the ancient Scandinavians faid, Eff par kinder, a pair of
garments, for a complete fuit of clothes ; the one formed the
breeches, and the troja, or veft, the other. The old Teutonic
Verfion of the Gofpels (app. Ihre, vol. i. col. 1076.) Luke
xv. ver. 22. " Hemtin mik fram thet bafta par kUder jak
" hafwer ;" Bring forth a pair of the beft garments I have.
Chron. Ryth. p. 121. " Eff hofweligt ors, ok kinder ett
" par ;" An excellent horfe, and a pair of garments.

The Iflanders pronounce it Made ; the Germans kleidc,
arm ; arm klade, a fcarf worn on the arm ; jaga klader, a,
monk's gown.

Bra'w'] Handfomely, elegantly. Prim. Celt. Ira,
ftrength, might, elegance ; every thing having thefe
qualities. Goth. braj\ honeft ; Scot, bravery, fumptuous
apparel. In the Bas Bret, branu, arm, id. Hence the
Fr. and our brave ; Ital. bravo. Hence too the Goth, brage,
a hero, and Brage, the name of one of the companions of
Odid, of whom Edda, Agietus ad Sptzki, &c. He was very
elegant, and wife, and a great poet ; fo that from him all per-
fons, both men and women, who excelled in thefe arts, were
called Bragmadur. From the fame fource the bragebxkare,
or large cup, drunk off by the new King, juft before he a-

fcended

38 THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN.

IV.

Between the twa was made a plot.
They raife a wee befor the cock,

And

fcended the throne, while he folemnly vowed to atchieve fome
great deed in arms, of which many inftances occur in Snorr-o,
and the other hiflorians of the North. This ceremony gave
rife to the ufage, according to which the knights, in ancient
times, made vows of the fame kind at their folemn banquets.
The learned and accurate Annalift, to whom Scotland owes
the elucidation of many hiilorical difficulties, obferves (ad an.
1306) that Edward made a vow after this form, by which
he bound himfelf to puniih Robert Bruce. See alfo St Palaye
Mem. De 1'ancienne cheval. torn. I. p. 184, and 244.

STANZA IV.

VER. i. Tiua] Ger. twee; A. S. twa; Welch dau,
d<vjy; Armor, du ; Cimber. tu ; Sued, tnua ; Celt. id.
Whence Gr. JW, and Lat. duo. Hence our twin; Dan.
tnvilninger ; A lam. zuinlinge ; A. S. getnuinn. Douglas
calls fheep of two years old tnuinlsris^ p. 130, v. 34.

" Fyfe twinleris Britnyt he, as was the gyis."

Confer page 202, rer. 16. as being two ivtnfers, i. e. two years
old j Ulphila twai, two. Hence to twinne, ufed both in

Scotland

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 3$

And wylily they fliot the lock,

And faft to the bent ar they gane.

Up-

Scotland and England to fignify, to feparate, divide into two
parts. Chaucer, 1. 518.

" The life out of her body for to twyne."
Pard. Prol. 167 :

" He muft ytwin

" Out of that place."

VER. 2. Wee] Little. This is an infantine word, de
noting every thing little. Ger. <wenig. Hence our ivean t
i. e. ivee-ane, a little child. Of the fame family, as I con
jecture, is the word weaena, which the learned Lord Hailes
mewed me in an Englifh book, where it denoted a Jimpleton y
or unlearned man ; little of underftanding, as the Dutch full
fay, Klein van verftanda.

VER. 3. WyUly~] Cunningly. A. S. wile, whence our
guile, the W being often changed for G. Belg. gylen, and in
the Lower Germany they fay begigeln, to beguile. Dan. ad-
iui/Ia, to deceive. Ifl. viel, deception j hence Willurunnur>
Runse deceptrices. Sax. Chron. ad an. 1128, Thurh his
micele wilef, ff Through his many wiles, or tricks." In a
church-yard in Scotland are the following lines on the tomb-
ftoue of a Magiftrate :

" He was baith wyss and ivyfy,

** For which the town made him a bailey."

Under-

40 THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN.

Upon the morn the auld wyf raife,
And at her leifure pat on her claife,
Syne to the fervants bed fcho gaes,

To fpeir for the lilly poor man.

V.

Under- waiflcoat is by Douglas called the wylie-coaf, p. 20 1,
V. 40.

In doubill garment cled, and ityfe-cot."

As this inner- veft (fays Ruddiman) cunningly, or hiddenly,
keeps us warm.

VER. 4. Bent] Properly a marfhy place, producing the
coarfe grafs called bent, from its fmall limber ftalk eafily bent,
fays Minfhew ; but may it not be rather derived from ben, a
hill, as this coarfe grafs is common on the fides of hills, and
on the rifmg ground on the fea-fhore, or fandy hillocks, in
Scotland ? In Gaelic ban fignifies wild or wafle ground, oa
which this fpecies of grafs is generally found.

VER. 6. Claife'} Vide Note to Stanza III. Ver. 7.

VER. 7. Syne] Afterwards, then. Douglas writes fen t
p. 100, v. i.

" Sen the deceis of my forry hufband."
Senjyne, fmce that time, id. p. 44, v. 26. >

- ' Senfyne has ever mair
Backwart of grekis the hope went."

Teuton. Q'fyn zndjtndfs, whence our face* Alam. ejnzcn;
and Otfrid, Lib. 3. cap. 26. findes.

Joh tharbetin
Their heiminges.

And

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 41

" And were deprived of their country from that time" Ul-
phila, Luke 17. v. 4. Sintham. Ubi confer Jun. Suio-Goth.
naganfmn, and .mor,e -mortly natnfin ; nanjtin, fometimes ;
hwatfin, how often ; ftnnam oh fmnom, by degrees, gradual
ly. Whence -the Lat. fenfim, underilood by none of their
Lexicographers.

As particles in general form a difficult part of language, a
philofophical enquiry into the origin of thefe might highly
deferve the attention of the critic. It is thought that many
-of them, being monof) I tables, will be found to be radical
words. Such are, Engl. if; Scot. gif\ A. S. gif t g-yf; Gr.
./, enlarged by compaction to 5/Tt, and \I-S-A ; and many
others might be named. To derive //from gijf, as fome have
done, is ridiculous, and mews that fome writers will rather
adopt the moft futile conjectures, than ingenioufly confefs their
ignorance. The limits we have prefcrib'd ourfelres in thefe
notes, do not permit us to enlarge on this at prefent.

VER. 8. Speir~\ Prim, is pa fa, the mouth. Hence
fpeech ; Germ.Jpurettj to enquire. The learned and ingenious
Mr Gebelin, to whom -we confefs ourfelves indebted for the
only rational principles of Etymology we have feen, in hi*
Monde Primitive, torn. 5. p. 790, has (hewn, that the P,
in all the ancient alphabets, figures the mouth opened, viewed
in profile ; and, by necefTary confequence, all the adlions of
that organ, as fpeaking, eating, drinking, &c. And this pofi
tion he has evinced to demonftration, by innumerable ex
amples. We confine ourfelves here to what regards the word
fpeir. We have already obferved, that the general meaning
relates to fpeech; Lat.y2zr/; ^v.pa-rler, fa-ribole, vain and
idle talking. Afterwards it was ufed in the North for <wif-
dom, prudence. Hence Ifl. fpakr, a wife man ; in Goth.
fpak, the fame ; fpakum bonda, a prudent man ; Ifl. fpakmxle,
the fayings of the wife ; Alam. fpakcr, and fpeke, wifdom.
F Tatian,

42 THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN.

V.

She gaed to the bed whar the beggar lay,
The ftrae was cauld, he was away ;

She

Tatian,.cap. 12. Folfpakidu, full of wifclom. 111. fpeja, to
fpeculate, or colder. In rellriaing the general meaning, it
came to fignify only, to divine, prophecy. Itt.fpa, to pro
phecy ; whence our fpae, to foretell future events. From
this the Latins have formed fpccio, aufpex, arufpex, and the
like. Douglas, p. 101. 50 :

" O welaway, tfifpaimen and divines
" The blind myndis."

And p. 80. 26 :

. " The harpie Celeno

*' Spats unto us an ferefui takin of wo."

The F~olnfpa, containing the theology of the Scandinavians^
has its name from thence, and literally fignifies a poem art
fully contrived, or with much wifdom, compounded of wola,
wool, art, and fpa, poem or fpeech. Hence Id. wolundr t
artificer ; and wolundarhus, a labyrinth.

STANZA V.

VER. 2. Strac~\ Eng\. Jtraw ; A. S.Jiraow, ftrew ; A!,
kijlreiew, to ftraw ; Masfo-Goth.^r^itw^; A. S. Jlreaw tan.
The chamber furnffied in Mark xiv. 15. is called in Gr,
, asd by Ulphila gafirawith* The ancients not

only

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 43

Scho clapt her hands, cry'd, dulefu-day !
For fome o* our gier will be gane.

Sume

only filled their beds with ftraw, but on folemn days the
floors were covered with it ; and we remember to have read,
that Queen Elizabeth's (late-rooms were ftrawed with green
grafs or hay. It was alfo a part of the holding of feveral
manors, both in England and Scotland, to furnifh ftraw for
the Royal apartments, when the King made a progrefs. In
the Scandinavian writings, the ftraw ufed at the feftival of
Yule^ was called lulhahn, vide Ihre in V. So in Olaf ? s
Trygwas. Saga, p. i. p. 204. it is faid of Thorleif, See/I ban
mther utarliga utarjiga i halmin, He fat down on the
furtheft part of the ftraw. Snorro tells us, torn. i. p. 403.
that when Olaf, fon of Harald, came to fee his mother,
Tiveir kar/ar, barohalmini goljid, Twofervants brought ftraw
into the apartments ; and, in the Hiftory of Alf, p. 41. one of
the Princes in the Court of King Hior, Their voru i bahn-
num nidur a golfinu, They fat on the ground on the draw.
It would appear, that this was commonly done in winter ;
for the lime reafon we ufe carpets to keep the feet warm :
For it is remarked of Olaf Kyrra, that he had his apartments
covered with ftraw, winter and fummer ; ban let gioraftragoljf
um vefur, fern umfumur. The fame mode was obferved in
France. In a charter of the year 1271 (ap. Cange in Jonchare)
" Item debet et tenetur dictus Raulinus pro prsediclis, Jon-
" chare domum D. Epifcopi quando necefie eft." Vide id. in
jfunkus. Confer Spelm. in Siraftura.

VER. 4. Gzer, o\~ gear~] Clothes, furniture, riches. To

what has been faid in the preface of this word, and in the

aotcs to Stan. 4. ver. 5. we have little to add. The prim, is

F 2 ' Ge;

44 THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN.

Sume ran to coffers, and fume to kifts,
But nought was ftown that cou'd be mift ;

She

Ge ; Gr. yv, the earth ; fource of all our riches. Hence
ufed by the Scots indifcriminately, to fignify every thing we-
value, goods, tools, apparel, armour. So Douglafs fays,
graithed in his gear, armed at all points. Gear, in fome of
our old poets, is ufed for the membra viri ge nit alia. A. S.
gyrian, to clothe. Caedmon, 23. 7. gyred <wdum, put on
his weeds or garments.

VER. 5. Kifis] Engl. cherts. The primitive of this is
found in the form of the letter c, (for which the northern
dialects generally ufe the ) fignifying every hollow, like the
hollow of the hand ; as cavus, cave a ; Gr. >i 3/7.0? ; cavity-,
cave, &c. This obtains in every language, as we mail prove
at fome length in our Scoto-Gothic GlofTary. With refpect
to this word, we formed it from Goth, kijla, a cheft ; whence
kiftafe, precious goods which are kept in kifts ; Ifl. kiflu. ;
Welch ci/t, cyft ; Ger. kaften ; Fr. cai/e ; Gr. X/^TM ; Lat.
cijla, the origin of which fimple word is not to be found in
the many Greek and Latin Dictionaries we have. Hence
too cijlerna, our ciftern. The etymon of this word by Feftus
is too curious to be omitted ; cifterna difla e/f, quod cis inejl
infra terram. Such are the reveries produced by ignorance
of firft principles. We add further, that the Perfians call a
chefl, or kift, caftr. In the north it fignifies a prifon where
thieves are confined ; teif kifta. The Latins ufed a fimilar
phrafe, In arcam conjici, vid. Cic. pro Milone, cap. 22. The
Iflanders call a coffin Isikiftu, as we alfo do, and the Anglo-
Saxons. Luke 7. 14. lha cyfi; <?thran f He touched die
coffin,

VER

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 45

She dancid her lane, cry'd, Praife be bleft !
I have ludg'd a leil poor man.

VI.

VER. 6. Sto f u)n~] Engl. Jlolen ; Prim.y?///, tacitly, hid-
denly ; Goth, ftilan ; A. S.Jielan ; Swed. Jliala, to fteal ;
Tueton. ftille, quiet, fecret. Hence our Scots ft&wth, fteal-
ing, which \ve find applied to amorous pleafures, as being fe-
cret, by Douglafs, p. 402. 52.

" Hys mery Jiowth, and paftyme kit ziftrene."

So the Latins, Fencris furta. Stiala is ufed by the North
erns in the fame fenfe as we fay, \QJlsal away ; foj?ia!a fig
bort ; and komma JiiaLindes uppa en, to come privately upon
one. They alfo ufe it to denote hiding, concealing, the mean
ing of the primitive. Hift. Alex. M. Apud Ihre, v. 2. 267,

Jordan kan eij gullit fiua ftiala.
The earth cannot fo hide the gold.

Ulphila's bliftus fignifies a thief, from hliftan, to hide.

Hence our Scots to lift, to (teal. From the primitive

Jiill is the Gr. ritK&s&Ai, to hide ; and the Lat. celo,

the ft being often added in the Scythian words ; as

Jlrafwa, for rofwa, fpoliare ; ftrxcha, for ruecka, tendere,

&c. The Iflandic ftiarlare is a thief 9 zftsaler; and hence

the Latin ftellio, ftellionatus, ftdlatura, occult fraud, as the

ingenious Ihre has juftly obferved, and thereby unfolded the

true etymon, about which all the Latin Lexicographers were

puzzled.

VER. 7. Praife le Heft] God be praifed. This is a
common form ftill in Scotland with fuch as, from reverence,
decline to ufe the facred name.

VER,

4 5 THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN.
VL

Since nathing's awa, as we can learn,
The kirn's to kirn, and milk to earn,

Gae

VER. 8. Leil} Loyal, honed, truly* Dougl. p. 86. 46.

" The ceremonies Icily i. e. holy ceremonies."
And p. 43. 20.

" - by the faith unfylit, and the lele iawte.'*

STANZA VI.

VER. i. A<wa~\ Engl. away. Angl. Sax. an iu#gr<
from wag, a way. Dougl. p. 1 24, 4.

*' And the fdf hour mycht haif tane us awa."

VER. 2. Ktrn\ Churn. This is the fame with the
Ger. and Scot, quern, a hand-mill for grinding corn, butter
being produced by the continued adion of turning round. In
the A. S. quearn, or civyrn ; Dan. handquern, hand-mill. The
prim, isgur, kyr, anything circular ; Arab, kur, a round tow
er ; ma-kur, a turban ; Hebr. gur, to aflemble ; and ha-gur,
a belt ; Ifland. gyrta ; whence our girth, and the verb to
gird. Hence too Gr. yvp-ie ; Lat. gyrus, zndgirare. The
Fr. ceinture, and our girdle are from the fame root, and the
Gaelic cor, whence cord ; Ger. gurt, a belt ; and gurten, to
gird about ; Welch gwyr, bent ; Bas. Bret, gonrifa, to be
gird ; Bafq. gur, around ; girata, to roll about ; gurcil/a,
chariot wheel ; guiroa, the feafons, /. e. the revolutions of the
heavens. The Gr. Kutfof, vaulted, and x/pxs?, round, have
the fame origin ; alfo fytftf, a place of public afkmbly where

the

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 47

Gae butt the houfe, lafs, and waken my bairn.
And bid her come quickly ben.

The

the people flood round the orators. In Varro we find the an -
cient Latin guro, to make round ; and the common words,
circus, circulus, circum, circuitus, and many more, all dedu
ced from the fame root. The gier-falcon has its name from
the circular flight he makes ; and the Ger. kurbis y a gourd ;
and the Lat. cu-cur-bita, cucumber ; Gr. frpvyot, a quiver.
It were eafy to add ten times this number of words, all taking
their origin from gyr ; but we only further mention gir,
the Scots name for the hoof the boys drive before them with
a rod along the flreets.

Our pronouticiation of this word kirn, is more correct than
that of the Englifh ; for the Gothic verb is kernais, to churn ;
Fenn. kirnun ; and the churn itfelf is called in Eflhonia kir-
nu, and in Iceland kernua/k. The round Tower of Stock-
Jiolm is called Keerna by the ancient writers, as the learned
Ihre informs us (Gloff. vol. 2. p. 1057.) to which we only
add, that the Gr. K^-J&U mifceo, has the fame origin, though
it has not been obferved by Junius, or any other.

VER. 2. Earn\ To thicken or curdle milk. Ger. gerin-
iixn, to coagulate. The root is only found in the Armorick,
jn which language go fign. fermentation ; goi, to ferment.
Hence the Goth, gora, effervefcere ; drinkat gores, the ale
ferments, or works ; Ger. gee rung, effervefcence ; and the
>wed. gorning, whence our earning, rennet.

VER. 3. Butt~] From Belg. buyten, without; oppofed to
jinnen, within. Thus Douglas ufes it, p. 123. 40.

*' In furious flambe kendlit, and birnand fchire,
f* Spredant fra thak to thak, baith butt and ben/'

The

4 B THE GABE.RLUNZIE-MAN.

The primitive is found in the Goth .bur-ho, habitation ; An
cient Goth, bua-bu, to inhabit ; whence bur, and Ifl. byr and
kycht, habitation. A. S. bur, a chamber ; and Ray fays,
that in the North of England it is flill pronounced boor, and
lor. Swed. burtont, floor of the houfe ; iungfrubur, apart
ment where the daughters of the family ileep ; /3yp/or, GIM^A,
habitation. From the Goth, byr, we form byre, a cow-houfe.
This primitive is alfo found in the Hebr. beth, and Perf.
I at, a houfe ; Teuton, bod, whenc.e the Engl. abode ; Gael.
tiuth, bottega, a mop; Fr. boutigus. That part of Edin
burgh where the merchants have their fliops, is called Lucken-
loothf, rather Lockenboths, from the booths, or fhops, being
locked up at night.

VER. 3. Waken} To a- wake. Prim. iuak, 'watch. Hence
Ulph. vakan, to awaken; vaknandans, vigilantes. All
the Nothern dialeds ufe this word. Goth, and Ifl. waka ;
Ger. watchten ; Alam. uuachan. The Goths fay alfo nuak-
na, to watch; Ifl. nuekia, watch, and Goth. <iuaht 9 id. Ul-
phila fays, ivabtus ; Alam. uuakt ; B. Lat. waffa, cap. 3.
an. 813. c. 34. Si quis waftam aut wardam demiferit."
Vide Cange in Wafta:. Hence in our old Scots Laws, to
match and <ward, duty of citizens to defend their town, an.d
for which they often obtained fmgular privileges from the
Crown. Waflar, a watchman : It fignifies alfo to beware ;
Watla fig for en, to be upon one's guard. From this, too,
come the Lat. vigilo, vigilium\ die Fr. gnetter, and garder,
omgttard. The waiting a dead body before interment, is called
in Sued, wahftuga. Hence our phrafe to wake a corpfe, and
leikwake, compounded of the two words Goth, leik, a dead
body, and <wakna, to watch.

Bairn} Child. Prim. Gael, bar; A. S. learn; Alam.
iarn. ^ Hence comes Gaelic beirn, and Goth, baera, both
Dignifying to bear. We find our primitive in the Hebr. Bar,

Creator,

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 49

The fervant gaed quhar the dochter lay.
The fheits war cauld, fcho was away,

And

Creator, and Bara, creare. In the fragment of Sanchonia-
thon, Beruth, or JBerufy is called the fpoufe of El-ion, or the
Moft High, becaufe God alone creates ; and hence allegori-
cally Creation is called \hefpoufs of God. In the Syriac, bar
figriifies a fon. We fay bairn-team, brood of children, from
the Saxon team, progeny ; hence a teeming- woman. In our
old poets, bairn is often ufed to fignify a fall-grown man*
So Douglas, p. 244. 33.

" Cum faith quhat e'er thou be, berne bald"
And elfe where :

" And that awfull lerne,

" Berying fchaftis fedderit with plumes of the erne."

The fame author ufes barnage for an army, or troop of war
riors ; but Mr Ruddiman was far miftaken in deriving it from
the Lat. baro. We find the ancient Englilh poets ufed child
in the fame fenfe. See the ballad of the Child of Elle, in
Percy's Colleftion, vol. i. page 107.

" And yonder lives the childe of Elle,
" A young and comely knight."

Vide ibid. p. 44. where two knights are called children.

VER. 4. Ben} The oppofite of butt, in the former verfe,
Signifying the inner-part of the houfe. From the Dutch
binnen, within, oppofed to buyten, without ; A. S. but a and
binnen, butt and ben.

VER. j. Gaed} Vide Note to Stanza I. Ver. 6.

G Dochter]

5 o THE GABERLUN2IE-MAN,

And faft to her gudewife 'gan fay,

Scho's affwi' the Gaberlunzie-rnan,

VII.

O fy gar ride, and fy gar rin,

And hafte ye find thefe traiters agen :

For

Dochter] Engl. daughter; Ulph. dauktar. We here
obferve how clofely our Spelling agrees with the Anglo-
Saxon, in which it is wrote dohter^ dohtor, and doktur ;
Alam. dohtor, dohter, and thobter ; Belg. dschter. The Gr.
Guya.? has a manifeit affinity to all thefe.

ViER. 6. Cauld~\ Another inftance of our care in follow
ing the original orthography. Ulphila writes, calds ; A S.
ceald s M. kaldur and kulde ; Alam. halt; Dan. kuld ; all
fignifying cold.

VER. 7. jFV/7] Quick or fwift. Prim. Welch fleft, agile,
liafty. This is a quite different word from the Englifh/?/?,
fixed or ftable, which comes from the Masfo-Gothic faflan^
to keep or hold faft.

'Gan~\ Tor gan, began ; and thus Douglas elfewhere ufes
it, as well as our more ancient poets.

VER. 8. 4f\ Off; but all the other Northern dialeds
write this word with an a. UJph. af; Dan. aff; Belg. af.
The Lat. ,ab t and the Gr. a.ir^ are quite fimilar, efpecially
when we obferve that the Greek word, before another begin
ning with an afpirate, is written <*,

STANZA VII,

VER. i. Fy] Fy upon. Prim. Welch f, and hei %
kiadd 9 abominable; IQ.fue f rottenncfs ; Belg./c<?y;

hence

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 5;

hence the Lat. vah> Ital. vah, Fr. /. The Gr. QW is by the
Grammarians called t w vn ^tTA.ar/xn, Vox ejus qui fe in-
digna pati conqueritur. In old Eaglim this particle always
denotes aver/ion. Chaucer, La. Prol. v. 80.

" Of fuch curfed {lories I fay/,?."
AndN. P. T. v. 73*

" Fie (linking fwine ! fie foul mote the befall."

From hence the Scots formed Fyle, to foul ; and the Engl.
Defile. We alfo fay Fych, on feeling a bad fmell, or feeing
any dirty object, from the Celt, each, kakoa, and caffo,
fHnking. Hence our kakic, ventrem exonerare. From
this origin, too, comes the old French appellation cagots,
cacous, cakfts, given to lepers, who being confidered as a-
bominable, were (hut out from all fociety in the middle ages.
Thefe miferable wretches were found in great numbers about
the 1 2th and I4th centuries, fpread over Gafcony, Beam,
and the two Navarres, on both fides the Pyrenean mountains.
Thefe were not allowed to traffick with their fellow citizens ;
had a feparate dour to enter into the churches, and a holy
water-font, which they only ufed ; were forbid the ufe of
arms ; nay, fuch was the univerfal horror of mankind again ft
them, that the States of Berne, anno 1460, applied for an
order to prohibit their walking the ftreets bare-footed, left
others might catch the infection, and to oblige them to
wear on their garments the figure of a goofe's foot,
which, it would appear, they had neglected to do for
many years paft. In the ancient For. dc Navarre, Compiled
about the year 1074, we ^ ee them called Gaffos and
Cakets at Bourdeaux. We find, among the Laws of the
Dukes of Brittany, anno 1474 and 1475* orders given, that
G 2 none

52 THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN.

none of the Cacofi-caquets, or Cacos, mould appear without
a bit of red cloth fewed on the outer-garment. They were
forbid even to cultivate any land but their gardens, and were
confined >to the fingle trade of carpenters. Bullet (Diftion.
Celt*} gives the following account of the rife of the public
hatred againft thefe poor people : " Cacous (fays he)
Nom queles Bas Brettons donnent par injure aux Cordiers et
aux Tonneliers, contre lefquelles le menu peuple eft fi prevenu,
qu'ils ont befoign de 1'autorite du Parlement de Bretagne
pour avoir le fepulture, et la liberte de faire les fonftions du
Chriftianifme avec les autres, parce qu'ils font crus fans
raifbn, defcendre des Juifs difperfes apres la ruine de Jerufa-
lem, et qu'ilr paflent pour lepreux de race. Les Cacous font
nommes cacqueux dans un arret du Parlement du Bretagne."
Here we have a people, living in the moft deplorable ftate of
flavery, from age to age, like the Gibeonites fubjefted to the
Jews, and treated in the fame manner as the Gauls were, after
being conquered by the ancient Franks of Germany ; the
very name they went by, implying the moft rooted averiion,
though nobody ever gave any account of the reafon of this
appellation ; for the frivolous diflertations of Marca and
Venuti leave us quite in the dark as to this, as well as to
the caufes of this extraordinary hatred againft a devoted race
from age to age. We therefore adopt the account of it given
by the learned and moft ingenious Gebelin, (Monde Primitif,
torn 5". p. 247) that they were the fcattered remains of the
original inhabitants of Gafcony and Lower Brittany, who, be
ing conquered by thofe npw called Bretons, and the Cantabri,
who invaded Brittany and Berne, were reduced to this mifer-
able ftate by their Lords, in order to leave them no means of
revolt, and to render them ufeful as flaves. Du Cange in
forms us, that the celebrated Hevin firft obtained, from the
Parliament of Rennes, a repeal of thofe cruel and ridiculous

conftitutions

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 53

conftitutions again ft the Cacous. But the word Cagot ftill re*
mains a term of reproach, and now fignifies a hypocrite. Had
we leifure, it would be amufing to compare the niiferable itate
of the poor Cagot '/, with that infamy which is entailed, in
Hindoftan, on the caft or tribe of the Sooders. - But we have
already made this note too long ; and all the apology we can
offer is, that we flatter ourfelves the reader will be glad to find
here an account of a fet of men, whofe very name is little, if
at all, known in this Ifland, and againft whom far more in
tolerable feverities were exercifed, than by our a.iccftors againfl
the lepers, who abounded both in England and Scotland
during the middle ages.

Gar~] Force one to aft, to con/train. Prim. Celtic gor,
gar, force, ftrength, elevation, abundance ; vide Diet. Celt,
de Bullet in Gorchaled, and Gor. Hence Breton, gor, tu
mour, elevation ; Gaelic gorw, nobleman, grandee. In the
language of Stiria and Carniola, mountain ; gora, in Sclavon.
id. Polon. gora-hegy, a cape or promontory ; Lapland, and
Finland, kor-kin t high ; Hebr. gor, to heap up ; Arab.
ghurur, pride, ambition ; whence Gr. ya.vpof 9 proud, elated ;
Old French garir, id. Celt, gorain, to cry out with vehemence,
which greatly illuftrates the primitive fignification of our gar ;
Welfh, gorckfygiad, to force or conftrain; Suio-Goth. gora,
antiq. gara, facere ; vide Ihre in gora, where this elegant e-
tymologift has obferved the agreement betwixt this word and
our gar. Adde Lye addit. Etymol. Junii ; but none of thefe
writers have gone back to the Primitive Celtic ; Aremor.
gra , facere. From this root, too, comes the Latin gero, ap
plied fometimes to war, gerere tellum ; vide Livy, 1. 39. c.
54. I1L giora, to ac"l ; Alam. garen, garuuen. The reader
may turn to our Introduction, where he will find fume other
obfervations on this word, to which we only add, that carve
comes from this root.

VER.

54 THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN.

For fcho's be burnt, and hee's be flean,
The weirifou' Gaberlunzie-man.
Some rade upo' horfe, fome ran a-fit,
The wife was wude, and out o' her wit ;

Scho

VER. 3. Scho's-Heij~\ She (hall He (hall ; a contrac
tion frequently in the mouths of our country people.

VER. 4. Weirifou] Fou for ///, it being cuftomary in
Scots to change the / into <w, as roll, row ; fcroll, fcroiu ;
Ulbooth, tcubooth ; /><?/, poiv, &c. Ruddimari. Yromfou, we
farmfouth, plenty, abundance. So Douglafs, p. 4. v. 6.

" That of thy copious fouth or plentitude."

Thus from deep, depth j reiv, reutk, &c. This is alfo re
marked by Mr Ruddiman, GlofT.

VER. 6. Wude"] Mad. Ger. tu^, rage ; A. S. <wod t
mad ; Teut. uueuten, to be mad ; A. S. wcdcm^ id. Whence
perhaps the Scandinavians called their Mars Woden. Doug,
p. 1 6. 29.

" The dorm up bullerit fand, as it war <iuod"
And p. 423, 1 6.

" Wod wroith he worthis for difdene."

Dutch *woeJ, fury; Ulphila, Mark v. 18. wods, pofTefled
with a Devil ; A. S. iuod, mad ; Ifl. ade, furor ; Alam.
unatage, furious. From this root the G*. pvTecp> vulnerare,
pugnare j and oiftt,mtr t to fwell with anger.

VER,

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 55

Scho cou'd na gang, nor yet cou'd fcho fit,
But ay fcho curs't and fcho bann'd.

VIIL

Mem tym far hind out o'wr the lee,
Fu* fnug in a glen whar nane cou'd fee,

Thir

VER. 7. Gang'] Mcefo Ga'sh. gagga, pronounced ganga ;
as in the Greek when two gammas follow each other. Vide
ad Stan. I. v. 6.

VER. 8. Ban~\ To curfe. Goth, banna, fign. limply to
forbid ; forbanna, Divis devovere. The primitive Celt. ban,
a tie ; whence our bond and band, 4 Hence marriage banns.
The Ift. forbanna, fign. to excommunicate or put out of fo-
ciety. Hence our ban-ijb, and the Ital. bandito, our ban
ditti ; a-ban-don, to give up our claim to any thing, to
loofen our tie to it. The bond by which the king's vafiais
are obliged to follow their fovereign to the field, is, in France,
called^the ban, and arriere ban. Thus to bann one, literally
fign. to put him under the bond of a curfe. Hence Gael, ba-
na, tied ; Fr. bande, bander* cur band or company ', perfbns
linked together by one common tie, or bond ; bandage, to
bend ; Fr. rub an, whence ribbon, literally, a fillet of a red co
lour. Hence, too, in the French, the barbarous droit d'anbaine,
by which the lord of the foil inherited all that a ftranger died
poflefled of in his territory. We find, in the Bar. Lat. alba-
m, and aubani, a ftranger ; concerning which word many
idle conjectures have been publifhed, as derived from advena,
and Albanus, a Scotfman. But it is compofed of at, another,
and ban, jurifdidion, literally a perfoa living under other

laws.

S 6 THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN.

laws. The Ifl. bann, to curfe, is ftill ufed in the north of
England.

STANZA VIII.

VER i. Hind"} Thisisthi primitive of behind, hindermofli
Scot, hinfimoft ; and is found in all the ancient dialers of the
north ; Ulphila, hindar, hindana, back, after ; hindttmiftt,
hindermoft ; A. S. hindan, behind. Hence comes the verb to
hinder, to impede ; Dan. hindre, forhindra ; Belg. hinderen,
verhinderen. From this root comes the A. S. hinderling,
properly one who comes far behind his anceftors, familiffuA
' opprobrium. In LI. Edw. Confeff. c. 35. Occidentales Saxo-
nici habent in proverbio fummi defpedtus, hinderling ; i. e.
omni honeftate dejedta et recedens imago ; the fcandal of his
family.

VER. 2. Snug] The primitive of feveral northern words,
all fignifying hiding, concealment', Dan. fniger, fubterfugio;
fnican, to crawl about liddenly ; whence Engl. fneak, a
fneaking fellow. Lye iVi'.s miflaken in deriving it from Ifl.
fnoggur, celer. The Gael, fnaighhn, is the fame with the
Saxon fnican ', Dvci. fwge fig a/veyen, to fneak away. The
Scots fnod, neat, trina'i hiay come alfo from this fource, as it
is evidently the fame with the Gothic, fnug, ftiort and neat ;
en fnug piga, a neat girl ; Ifl. fnylld, elegance. Ray fays,
that in the north of England, they pronounce it fnog ; fnogly
geard, handfomely dreffed.

Glen~\ Old Englifh glin, or glyn ; Gael, gleann. It
denotes a large, level tradt of ground, bounded on each
fide by ridges of Hoping mountains. Hence we have in Scot
land Strathmcre, Strathfpey, Strathern. There is this dif
ference between the Saxon Dale, and the Gaelic Strath. The
former denotes a narrow valley, bounded on each fide by a

ridge

THE GABERLUNZ1E-MAN. 57

Thir twa, wi' kindly fport and glee,
Cut frae a new cheefe a whang.

The

ridge of deep mountains, commonly with a river running
through the middle ; the latter anfwers the above defcription,
which needs not to be repeated.

VER. 3. Tiva] Ulphila twai ; A. S. twa ; Welfh datt,
d<wy ; Gael, do ; Swed. t<wa ; Ifl. tueir. Hence the Gr. JW,
and twain ; our Scot, twin, literally fign. to fplit into two
parts, to feparate. It is alfo ufed by Chaucer in this fenfe, R.
R. 5077.

** Trowe nat that I woll hem twinne*"
And Troil, 4. 1197.

" Tliere (hall Do deth me fro* my ladie twinne."

From this root, too, is formed twine, thread, /. f. to double
it ;. A. S. tnvinen ; vide Exod. c. 39. 29. Sued, tivynna ;
X)an. tuinder, to fpin ; tuinde trade, twined thread j Belg.
tnueyn draed. In Teutonifta, tnuern yarn, duinum tuinum ;
A. S. inuinnf, to twine^

Glee} Mirth, gladnefs ; Ifl. gled, gladde, I have made
glad ; mig gladur, it is a pleafure to me ; Sax. gland,
and our glad. With Chaucer glee denotes a concert of vocal
und inflrumental mufic. Sir Top. R. v. 126.

" His merie men commanded he

" To maken him both game and glee."

Pa. Lib* 3. 161.

There faw I fitt in other fees,
" Playing on other funuric glees."

H The

5 8 THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN.

The A. S. Verfion of Paftor. 26. 2. David defeng hit
bearkan, and geftilde hit wodtbraga mid tbam gligge. David
took his harp, and {tilled his madnefs with mufic. Gligman,
mimus, fcurra ; Gligmon, id. Junius rightly conjectures, that
glig was firft ufed to denote inftruments inflated by the breath,
though afterwards indifcriminately applied to every mnfical
found. This is confirmed by the Iflandic gliggur, flatus,
breath. A certain fpecies of catch is (till called a glee. A. S.
gle, joy, and without the g the Goth. kk t to laugh ; we fay
gaaff, to laugh loudly, and with the open mouth. From the
idea of joy, gle and gla came to fignify every thing bright,
fplendid. Hence a multitude of words, Ifl. glaumur, joy ?
whence our old Scots glamur, often employed to fignify in
cantations, becaufe, by fuch arts,- the mind was thought to
be greatly moved, and to look on things indifferent as of great
confequence. Goth, glans, and Alam klanz, fplendour;
whence our glance, from gla 9 light ; gloa, to mine. From
this laft the Eng. glow, glow-worm ; A. S. gtowan, to glow ;
Swed./c</; Gael.^/o; A.S.gled; Ger. glut ; all fignify-
ing a live coal. Ifl. glia ; Frifl. glian, to mine ; Sax. glcij,
fplendidus ; and hence the Gr. &iyhv\) fplendour; which none
of our Lexicographers have been able to explain. Hence,
too, Engl. glitter, by Ulphila written glitmunjan ; Ifl. glitta ;
Ger. gleijjen ; Swed. gltftra, gnifta ; Sax. gttnflern, and the
Gr. ety ^0,1^*^-0.1 ; Ifl. glift, and glafl, citidus. So Snorro,
v. I. Glaft rued gulli, och ftlfri, fhining with gold and filver.
Gr. ysteiV) fplendere j and Hefychius explains -
ttvyw wA/tf, a fan-beam; etyKa.^, fplendidus;
fplendeo ; yKa.vx.os, yKauu^t, fplendidus ; Goth, glaffa, and
our glaze ; Ifl. glas, our glafs. We call the flippery mucus,-
growing on (tones in the river, glitt ; and glatt in Gothic is
nitidus, lasvis. Hence Engl. gloJT; Goth, gles, Succinumi
Vide Tacit. Mor. Ger. cap. 45. Plin. H, N. lib. 26. c. 3.

Fron>

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 59

From the fame root are derived Goth, glimra, glindra, to
fhine, whence our glimmer and glimpfe ; Ei>gl. gleam, a ray
of light ; l&.glimbr, fplendour. Taking away the^, we have the
Gr. Ktutntc, to mine ; Ifl. Home, light ; Ulphila, lauhmon, light
ning. And with the g, Swed. glo, to fee ; Gr. yh&vs $a ;
Sax. gloren, fplendere ; hence Scot. glo<wr, to Ipok intently at
any object. So in tire old BaHad :

ft I canna get leave

" To lake to my luve,

" My minny's aye gloiuring owr me."

Ifl. gloggr, and Goth g/au, fharp-fighted ; Gr. ywvv, pupil
of the eye; Fr. glair e, the clear or white of the egg; Ifl. gk,
the mining of the ocean in a calm. Hence Gr. ya.KMu, fere-
nitas ; ycthtivoa, fereno ; y\tiv : a 9 res nitidse, prastiofse;
y^nvof, a ftar; Sw^d. gran, mining; whence the dpolh
Cryneus, literally the Splendid Sun. We are much deceived
if the many coincidences we have here thrown together, (and
to which more might eafily be added) do not prove very
(Irongly, a primitive and univerfal language. We have not
room to alledge the many examples the Eaftern dialects fur-
rim to us ; thefe we referve for a larger work. Mean
while, the reader may look at Ihre, Lex. voce Gloa and
Glo.

VER. 4. Frae"] Engl. from. But we have kept the
true orthography. Swed. fram, prorfum, adverbium motus
de loco pofteriori in anteriorem. The pro of the Latins is
from this root, and has the fame meaning in prorfum , proce-
dgre, prodire, profferre ; and the Swedes fay ga fram, gif-
nva fram ; Ulphila, iddja fram, proceflit ; Luke xix. 28.
framis leitl, a little further. So, too, in the compounds,
fram-wigis, femper ; and Luke i. i8.fram-a/</rozf t ftricken
;n years; A\zm. frampringan, producere. Tatian, cap. 73.

H 2 V. I.

6o THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN.

v. i. franor, further. We find in Wilking. Saga, p. $,
Hugprydiac fpaki, oc framwifi, a genius wife and prudent ;
from /ram and w//, wifdom ; and hence /ramvis, a diviner,
conjurer ; Ifl. /ramygdur, a wife man ; Goth, framfus, a
petulant fellow, ever putting himfelf forward ; whence Engl.
frumpljb. To return to the Scots word/ra?, as correfponding
to the Goth./nzw, from. Chron. Ryth. p. 444.

" Huar monde /;#;# androm fly."
Qui ab altero feceffit, aufqgit.

Framgangu, going from, departure? Swed. /ran. From
fram the ingenious and learned Ihre derives framea, a dart
ufed by the ancient Germans, mentioned by Tacitus, M. G.
cap. 6. Haftas, vel ipforum vocabulo, frameqs gerunt ; from
fram <md.frumen, mittere, jaculari. Hence, in Ulphila, we
find, Joh. x. 5. Framthjana ni lajsjand, a ftranger will they
cot follow. Alam. /ramider ; Gen/rr?;/^, a ftranger ; and
Scot.fremdman, one come from far.

Douglas writes this word fometimes /nar and fray.

Whang~\ Prim, tan, a binding or cord. Hence every
thing of a long narrow ihape^ Whang, a flice of cheefe, cut
in a long narrow form. Ulphila, tivang ; Ifl. tange, vin-
culum; Swed. tang, a ftrap hanging at the handle of a knife.
They alfo call an ifthmus tang, and we fay a tongue of land.
Ifl. thning t a band; A. S. i-ivang, whence our whang.

The primitive tan is found in all the Scythian dialers, and
thofc derived from them. Swed. tan, nerve. Leg, Goth. cap.
22. Thau enfundr er than hels edanacca ; Si abfciffus fuerit
nervus colli. Welch tant, chorda ; Ger. id. Alam. than* a
leather ftrap ; A. S. tan, vimen, virgultum ; and hence tan-
blyta, fortilegus. Swed. tanor, filaments in flem. The Gr,
is formed from tan, fign. a nerve. OdyfT. 3.

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 6?

The prieving was good, it pleas'd them baith,
To lo'e her for ay, he gae her his aith,

Quo*

Securis abfcidit nervos cervkis. The Tflanders call the
nets for catching birds thaner ; and hence Latin tenus, teno-
ns 9 in Nonius ; and Plaut. Bacchid. v. v. 6.

" Pendebit hodie pulcre ; ita intend! tenus."

It is needlefs to obferve that our tendon is derived from
the fame fburce. The Goths call the fwaddling bands of chil-
<lren tanom\ Chron. Rythm, p. 561. Barn then fom an i ta-
nom lag, Children that lay yet in their fwaddling bands. The
Greeks called thefn Ttvta, T5j//<T/. Vide Jun. Glofs. Ulph.

P- 33-

VER. 5. Pricvingl The proof, the firft tafle of any thing.
Primitive is por, pro ; Celt, for, what is before ; as por fig-
nifies 2\h face. Hence porro, prolo, probation; Fr. pre ttv e,
4 'prouver , the proiu of a fhip ; Gr. Tpw/o? > Lat. primus ,
prior, princeps, and a vaft number of other words. At pre-
ffent we confine ourfelves to the northern dialects, where we
find, in the Celtic, prid ; whence our price, or value of any
thing ; Ger. preis ; Lat. pretlum ; Italian apprezzarc ', Goth.
pris, id. and metaphorically, glory, honour, high efteem ;
whence Engl. praife. The truly learned and elegant Hire ob-
ferves, that, in the old Swio-Gothic, they vSz&prifhet in the
fame fenfe. In Chron. Ryth. p. 442.

" Och innan Jlrid Jior prljhet was.'*
Jn war he was greatly prized.

With

6z THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN,

Quo* Ihe, to leave thee I will be laith,
My winfom Gaberlunzie-man.

IX,

With them prifa, fign. to prize, apprize ; and thefe words
clearly indicate their northern origin. Hence, too, Fr. prifer,
meprifer ; iuinna prifet, to win the prize. In our dialect
frif, prieve, is proof, or trial, as here j and in Douglafs, n,
309. 49.

" Thus rude examplis may we gif,

* Thocht God be his awin Creauture to prieve,"

We alfo ufe the verb, to prie, to tafte.

VER. 5. Baitb] Engl, both, by a faulty pronunciation ;
for the primitive is found in Ulphila's, ba, bai, i. e. bait/;,
not both. So Luke 5. v. 7. JSa tho skipa gafullidedun, they
filled both the mips ; and Luke 6. v. 39. JBai in dalga dri-
ttfand) both will fall into the ditch. A. S. ba, butu ; Alam.
Iedu 9 beidu ; Ifl. bathur. It is diverting to fee Junius gravely
fuppofing that our word comes from Gr. apvca, as if our an-
ceftors could not reckon t<wo, till the Greeks taught them.
The favages of Kamfchatka do more than this ; for they fol
low the number of their fingers and toes up to twenty, and
having got thus far, they flop, and cry, Where mall I find
more ? See the account of this country, publimed at Peterf-
burg, and tranflated by Grieve, p. 178. We juft add, that
the fame obfervation may be applied to the words, aith, oatb %
faith, loth, which occur in the verfes immediately following,
and which have been equally vitiated by our fouthern neigh*
bours, as this word baith.

VER. 7. LaitK] Loth. But ours is the true pronouncia-
tion, as derived from Al. leid, luad; Alam. lath; Belg.

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN; 63

leydt odious, ugly, troublefome ; Old Danifh, tba
and Ixdedon inch, who hate and perfecute you. The primitive
of all thefe is found in the Celt, lad* toe, to cat, pin, or
wound ; Bafg. laceria, misfortune. We cannot deny our-
felves the pleafure of following this original through fome of
its many defcendants ; hence come Gr. ^HcTg/x ; Fr. lacerer ;
Lat. lacerarej our lacerate ; Fr. loquete, cut out in dices ;
whence our lock of hair, or wool ; Celt, laza, to kill'; and
hence lay, a poem on any tragical fubjecl: ; fo DougL 321,
v. 5.

" The dowy tones, and layes lamentabil."

Ital. Iai 9 and our lament, the true Scots appellation of E-
iegiac fbngs ; A. S. ley, id. which neither Menage, nor even
Skinner underftood ; Ger. lied, a fong, but properly a me
lancholy ditty ; as the B, L. hudus alfo fignifies ; Fortunat.
Epift. ad Gregor. Turon. ad Lib* i. Poemat. Sola fcepe bora-
bicans barbaros kudos harpa relidebat. Id. Lib. 7. Poem 8.

'* Nos tibi verficulos, dent barbara carmina leudys."

Hence, too, Lat. Ieffus 9 and the Baf. Bret, lais, a melan
choly found or cry ; e-legia, e-legy, lefion ; and the Fr. leze
majefteet high treafon. We could eafily bring many more
proofs of the truth of our account of the term elegy, as that
paflage of Proclus, in Chreft. ap. Phot. Bibl. To
^Ktyioiv thiyxv 01 'Tr&KcttQi, veteres luclum vocarunt s
Ovid gives us the fame idea, Ded. de Lib. 3. Eleg. i.

" Flebilis indignos elegia folve capillos,

" Heu nimis ex vero nunc tibi nomen ineft."

Voflius (in Elegia) has quoted thefe paflages, but gives na
Etymology, as indeed the root is loft both in the Greek and
Roman languages. But we muft (top, after obferving that the

Fr.

df THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN,

IX.

O kehd "my minny I war wi' you*
Hl-fardly wad fhe crook her mou',

Jr. words /*/'/, (which of old fignified, offence, injury, and
now uglinefs,) laideur, laidron, and the Gr. Ao/c^op*-, to de
fame, are all of this family.

VER. 8. Winfoni] We have have already {hewn the mean
ing and origin of this word, in the note on Stanza II. ver. 6.
In the old ballads we find it often eifed; fo in the old fong of
Gilderoy, (Percy, vol. I. p. 324, 325.) MywinfoM Gilderoy ;
Ger. minnefam, from minne, love, which we have already ex
plained ; Aiam. <wino> a friend ; A. S. vinc t beloved.

STANZA IX.

VER. i. Kent} The primitive kan-enen t fignifies art,
knowledge, dexterity. Hebr. giuanen, an inchanter, and the
vzfogwenen, to divine; Gr. XMUV ; Gaelic kann y I know ;
kunna, kenning, knowledge; kennimen, knowing, learned
men, priefts j Ulphila, kunnan, Mark 4. v. 1 1. ffwis attlban
//?, kunnan runa thiud angardjos Goths, To you it is given
to know the myftery of the Kingdom of God. Ifl. kumia ;
Alam. kennen, chennen ; from kunna, the Englifh cunning ;
in fea-phrafe, to cunn a foip> is to dired her courfe ;. in Fr.
toaitre gonin, a ftiarper. See the poor efforts of Menage to
explain this word. Hefych. H9wsiv t wvtiveti, <7ri?ct&cLt, to
underftand. We fay here kenfpsckled, eafy to be known by
particular marks. The Goths ufe a fimilar phrafe, Kenefpak,
qui afa! facile agnofcit \ Ihre in kenn.

VER. 2. Ill-fardly] Ill-favouredly, in an ugly manner.
In Engl. well-favoured, handfome, well-looking j and thus

our

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 65

our tranflators of the Bible ufe it, Gen. xli. v. 3. 4. Primi
tive is fa, to eat, to feed on good things, as defcended from
the family of/2>, denoting every adtion belonging to the mouth,
as eating, {peaking, &c. So the Latin fari t whence Fr.
faribole, idle tale, and the like. From fa comes Latin favus,
honey-comb ; f avert alicuiy to favour one; our favourite,
favour ; Fr. favorifer, faufeur, and the Latin fautor. The
common word infant, Latin infans, comes not from in and
.fari t one who cannot fpeak, as our herd of Lexicographers
lay, but fromy/z, to nourifh, to feed, whence fari itfelf is de
rived, which being a difTyllable, can never be a primitive,
thofe (as we have elfewhere obferved) being all monojjillables,
in every language. From this root, too, we have fawn, a
young deer. N. B. The animals do not fpeak, therefore it is
impoilible thutyinwT can come from Latin far: : but we muft
(top here, left we offend thofe who hold, that the Ourang-
cutartj, a fpecies of the monkey, belong to the human race;
and that, though they have pa/Ted above fix thoufand years
Without framing a language, it is ftill very rationally expefied t
that they will yet form one, (vide Origin and Prog, of Lang,
vol. I. p. 189, 272). Whenever we are happy enough
to poflefs a Dictionary, collected by fome learned Ouran-
outang, and a Grammar of this new fpeech, we nothing doubt,
but we fhall difcover many primitives of language yet unknown.
But this by the bye.

We find favour, in the Welch, fleafor, fianur, and in the
Greek, <?, $*/./ ; and in what Feftus writes, faventia,
bonarfc ominationem fignificat ; favere, enim, eft bona fart.
Hence the folemn form, Favete linguis. Voffius has faid
much, to no purpofe, about this, in Favere ; but "he had no
principles. We fee new proofs of the truth of our Etymology
in the hinnukus of the Latins, and the Gr. .y:-^, fig. r&i<Piit t a
boy or young one. Vide Salmaf. Plin. Exercit. p. 106. and
I S

66 THE GABERLtTNZIE-MAN.

Spelman; in Fehatio and Foinefium. Lye mentions fauntekirt
as an old Englifh word, fignifying an infant or little boy, which
he rightly derives from the Iflandic fante, a young man ;
whence the Italian fante, a page or fervant, and the French
fanta/ln, a foldier who ferves on foot, and of thofe whom we
call in-fantry.

VER. 2. Crook'] Prim. Celt. CVo/J, fignifies every thing that
takes hold ; and as nothing can' take hold but what deviates
from the ftreight line, this word has formed a very numerous
family : Goth, krok ; the Gael, krock, kruick, an earthen
pot or vaie ; Goth, kruka, id. We in Scotland call the iron
on which the kettle hangs a crook. Shepherd's crook, from
its bent form ; and, for the fame reafon, crotchet in mufic fig-
nifies a note, with a tail turned up. Hence, too, come the
French crotcheteur efcroi, a thief who feizes every thing he
can lay hands on j croffe* the (heep-hook, with which bimops
are inverted ; acrocher, to feize or lay hold of. Gebelin ob-
ferves, with his ufual acutenefs, that the French peafants
who revolted in 1598, were called/^/ Croquans, becaufethey
plundered and carried off every thing wherever they came.

Mou'~\ Mouth, Prim, muth, mun ; whence Ulphila
has munths, the mouth ; Celt. ?nu t id. alfo the lips.
Hence Fr. mot, what is fpoken with the lips ; motet, Bafq.
motafa, found of the voice ; Gr. MD<^X, and mythology ;
murmur, i. e. mu-mu, fmall found made by the mouth.
Our old word mump comes from the fame origin ; alfo mant>
to (tammer From the ancient Celtic and Welch mant, fig
nifying the jaw-bone, comes the Latin mandibula, and the
ancient munio, munito, to eat ; Fett. munitio, mortificatio,
ciborum ; alfo mando, manduco ; the Fr. manger ; Ital. man-
giere ; Gr. >. . J^f?/p, loqui. Ihre informs us, that the
mouths of rivers are called Mynne-a-mynnc, and Ifl. munne,
from mun, the mouth. They fay alfo, the mouth and lips of

a

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 67

Sic a pure man ihe'd nevir trow,

After the Gaberlunzie-man.

My

2 wound, as we do: LI. Scanias, p. 22. Far man far gonum
lar, allar lag, allar arm, fwa at that havir twa manna. If
any man's thigh, leg, or arm, 'be To wounded as that the fore
fnall have two mouths. In the fame fenfe the French ufe
lalafre, a great wound, which Dutchat rightly derives from
the old French balevre, bilabrum : Ce qu'on appelle balafre,
eft proprement une grande playe, qui fait une efpece de
louche, et par confequent deux ievret. The Gothic munhafteis^
a fet form of words, and ufed in their ancient Jurifprudence.
Vide Ihre, Lex. in voce, vol. II. p. 207*

We have in this word a clear example of the method the
firft men took to exprefs oppofite ideas, without multiplying
the primitive words. Mutb firft denoted the mouth and
fpeech. They formed the negative by ufing the fame word
in the oppofite iignification, and thus muth came to fignify a
dumb perfon ; Gr. //u JV ; Lat. mutus, whence our mute ;
The Hebrew muth, a dead man, one who fpeaks not. In
another work we have collected many examples of this kind,
which we have no room for here. Such is the word alt,
high ; whence the Lat. altus, fignifying high, and alfo deep.

VER. 3.7rtfau] The verb, to believe-, Belg. truen, id.
Douglas ufes trueles, for faithlefs. Prim. Goth, troft, truft,
fidelity. Hence, metaphorically, a bold man, on whom, we
may well rely. So Chron. Ryth. p. 311*

" Thet var en godn trqft man"
He was a good and truity man.

Ifl. trait/tor, Alam. gidrofa Engl. trujfy. Otfrid, L 5,.
tap. 23.

\^ "Zi

6* THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN.

My dear, quod he, zere zet o'wr zoiing,
An* hae na learn'd the beggar's tongue,

To

" Zi themo thronofte,
" Sie fmt al gielrofle."

In their fervice all were faithful. Germ, triefti and Swed.
drijlig ; vide Ihre in Dri/lig. From this root, too, the
Greeks formed $a,?$!>< and -3-appg/i', to dare, or more pro
perly, to be confident, by a literary metathefis of the fame
kind as that ufed by the Goths, while they fay toras, to dare ;
jatorsj I dare, and then trofty our truft. So the ancient Greeks
faid indifferently, -i-ctjs?, 3-pat/?> d-ac.psvi'a, and J-pcttvi/*),
audacem reddo. Ulph. thrafflian^ to coniide or truft, and
dauran, dare ; Mark xii. 34. gaivdarjla, audebat, which
the Allemans pronounced gidorjla. In one of the Church
Hymns, n. 127, The lofwade Gud med gladje och troft r
They praifed God with gladnefs and confidence. We ob-
ferve, by the way, that our Scots phrafe of loving God, ufed
for praifing him, frequent in Robert Bruce's Life, and other
ancient poems, is formed from the Goth, lofware, to praiie.
In the Barb. Latin Laws, we find often the phrafes, Trujtis
regius, Ejje in trufte regia, Tntftinus ; and the like ; all de
noting loyalty. Vid. Cange in Trvjiis. Marculf. For. 1. i. 18.
Thefe men were alfo called dntrufliones. Vid. L^g. Sal. Tit.
32. cap. 20. edit. Heroldi. Marculf. Lib. i. Form. 47. ibi
Lindenbrog. Glofl'. The Antruftioncs were of high dignity in
the King's Court, as we gather from the article of the Gaelic
Law laft cited. We have the verb traift, to truft, frequent iu
Douglas. So p. 52. v. 25.

' " And there traift coiftis nyce."

And p. 213. 37.

" His traifty faith."

VER.

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 69

To fallow me frae toun to toun,

And carry the Gaberlunzie on,

X.

Wi* kauk and keel I'll win zour bread,
And fpinnels and quhorles for them wha need,

Whilk

VER. 7. Frae toun to toun"} By toun here is not folely
meant city, in which ftnfe we now ufe it; but the Scots ap
ply this word to every little village, and even to a farm-houfe,
where there is an inclofed yard, after the manner of their
anceftors, from the prim. dun, A. S. tun, Alam. zun, all
fignifying an inclofure. Hence the Belgic tuyn, a garden,
literally an inclofure ; Gael, dun-dunam, to inclofe ; A, S.
tynan, betynan, id. The 6rft cities of our Celtic and Saxon
anceftors were only farm-houfes, or a few Draggling hutt?,
inclofed with rails. Tacitus de M. G. cap. 16. Nullis
Germanorumpopulis urbes habitari notumeft, nee pati quidern
inter fe junclas fedes, (forte asdes) vicos locant, nonin noftrum
morem connexis et coherentibus aedificiis. Thefe vici were
feparate houfes, like our farmers fteddings, which we flill
call toivnj. In fome diitricis they are called mains, from
manjio, and the B. Latin manfus, a manfe^ now reftricled ta
pur parfons houies.

STANZA X.

VER. i. Kauk~\ From the primitive cal, eel, every thing
hard and proper to inclofe with. Hence Latin celare.

70 THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN.

cellarium, our cellar ; French ce/er, our con-ceal ; the Celtic
cat, a hut or ftable. Hence kal came to denote the materials
for inclofing, v- ; z. ftones, and efpecially that foft kind of (lone,
eafily divided into nall pieces, which the Englifh call chalk* and
we, more properly, pronounce kauk. Ifl. kalk; Gael, calch ;
Alam. calc; A. S. ceale, cede, fan. From this root, too,
comes the Greek ,.;/..>;, explained by Suidas, utxpov
ktStficv, a little ftoue, and more clearly by Hefych. v \ute 9
01 /* 7<tf o/xoJ\utff p/apo/ A/-JO/ ; of the fame kind
was the X AKt -> mentioned by Thucidides, in his Ac
count of the Walls of the Pyreus, built by the Athenians, in
lib. i. We are indebted to the induftry of Junius for this
remark ; yet he does not even attempt an etymology of the
word x&M? 9 which has baffled all the lexicographers.

Keel~\ A red calcarious ftone, ufed by carpenters for
marking their lines on wood. The promife here made by the
feigned Gaberlunzie-man, to get a livelihood for his fweet-heart
by kauk and keel, alludes to the practice of fortune-tellers in
Scotland, who ufually pretend to be dumb, to gain credit
with the vulgar, and therefore have recourfe to figns made with
kauk and keel, to explain their meaning. The primitive is
plainly the fame with that of kauk ; col, eel, a fmall (tone, (of
a red colour).

Win"] In the more modern acceptation, fimply fignifies to
gain. So the Goths ufe vinna of one who 'wins at play, or
in making bargains, or by gaining his caufe in a court of ju-
ftice ; winna et kxromal y in caufa fnperiorem efTe. Vide Ihre,
vol. II. col. 2020. Butofolditfigmfiedto^7z0rr^^^W
labour -, and induftry. This is ftill its common meaning in the
Iflandic. So Exod. 15. Winna alladina winna, Thou malt
work all thy work. Hence winnukiu, a labouring man. Num
bers, cap. 30. A. S. vinnan. So the Dutch fay land iuinnen>
to plough the ground. Wimunde fade*, membra genitalia ;

14.

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 71

. vinna, labour ; in the A. S. vinfull, induflrious ; ou/-
> to g* ve one ' s ^ a reat deal f trouble. Hence
it is ufed to denote fuffering. So Ulphila, Mark viii. 31*
Skalfuntts mans filu. vinnam, The fon of man muft fufFer
many things : And Luke ii. 48. Sa atta theins t ja ik vin-
nandona fokidedum thitk, Thy father and I have fought thee
Ibrrowing. Hence it is transferred to child-bearing : Swed.
Jfon bar wunnet en fon, She has born a fon ; and Belg.
Kinderin gewinnen, to bring forth children.

As the ancients knew of no other honourable gains, be-
fldes the fpoils acquired in war, hence <winna came to denote
conqueft, vi&ory in war ; and hence our phrafe to iui/i the
battle, to win the field. In Matth. xxiv. 7. Verf. Ulph. Theod
vinth ongean theode, Nation (hall fight againft nation. Gevinn 9
war ; gevinne, battle. Tatian, cap. 195. 4. Mine ambathti
<wunnin t My fervants would fight. In an old Runic infcription,
quoted by Ihre (in Winna), Vant Selalant ala t He con
quered all Seland. The moft modern fignification is that in
which it is applied to gain in general. From winna, applied to
war, comes the Latin vincere. Strange ! that Voflius did not
fee the true etymon, though he has mentioned the Goth.
<winnen, in Vinco. But he feldom or never looks further than
the Greek or Latin. Still more abfurd is Varro's etymon,
lib. 4. de L. L. Vittoria y ab eo quod fuperati vincuntur. Yet
this Varro pretended to give us the origin of language ; and
he is generally called Ramanorum Dofiiffimui ; and fb, per
haps, he yj

VER. 2. Spinnels'} Goth, fpindel, Machina tornatorum,
in gyrum verlatilis, fays the learned ProfefTor of Upfal.
Slenda, fufus, fpincok, fufus, colus ; and hence our rok, a
diftaff. A. S.fpinel-, and from fpindle the Greek <7rotf<Pu*of 9
as the fpindle is of a long (lender form ; the Goth, fpinkog,
; and, by a fimilar figure, we fay fpindle-Jbanks,

of

72 THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN.

of a man underlimbed. The prim, is fpan, to extend, or draw
out to length, , as the thread is extended from the mafs on the
diftaff. Hence ourjpan, of the hand extended. Vid. Bullet >
Diet. Celt, in Span. We have much to fay concerning this primi
tive, which we rcferve for our Scoto-Gothic GlofTary. Suffice it
to obferve here, that the vtm&fpan t to extend, and hence to
meafure, is found in all the dialects of the North. A. S. fpan,
fpon,fponne; Alam. fpana ; \Q..fpan>fpvn ; Ital. fpannaj Fr.
efpan, empan. Vide Hicks, Gram. Franc, p. 98. The
Swed. verb fpanna, to meafure. Hence they call grain in
general fpannemal, as being fold by meafure. Of a young
Jlender girl they fay, Hon af fa fmal, att man kan fpanr.a om
tenne, She is fo fmall, that with two fpans you may encircle
her ; fpanna konuty mulieres contreclare. We are not fare
tvhether we are to connect with this the Goth, fpann, a
bracelet ; Ger.fpange, B. Lat. fpanga, de qua Cange. From
this word comes Swed. fpanna, to bind. Feftas has fpinter^
armillse genus. Spannabalt was the ancient defperate
mode of duelling, when the combatants, bound within the
narrow circle of one belt, which furrounded both, attacked
each other with fhort daggers. J?romJ/>in,Jpan } a number of
words have their origin, all denoting what is long, flender,
and fharp. Such are Goth.^>/'/, whence our fp ike and /#;;</-
fpikf, the wooden leavers by which feamen heave at the cap-
ilan. The Lat. /pica, fpiculum ; Gael, fpeice ; fpoke of a
wheel ; Ital. fpighe> della rota ; Ger. fpeichc. In the Ar-
mor.fpec and anfpec, fign. a fmall leaver. The Gothic fpik t
a fpear ; whence ti\z fplculum of the Latins. Confer Cange,
in Spectllutn 9 a probe.

Quhorles'] A perforated piece of circular (tone, fixed on the
fpindle to give it weight in turning round ; literally, W;/r/?/v,
to encreafe the motion in whirling round. Scyth. whirra,
) wkirta t turbare, tumultuari, furium et deorfum ferri.

Goth.

THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN. 73

Whilk is a gentle trade indeed,

To cany the Gaberlunzie on.
I'll bow my leg and crook my knee,
An* draw a black clout owr my eye,

Goth, huirfwel, our wAirfotiuf, from hwcrfwa, Ifl. huerfa,
in gyrum agcre. From the Goth, horra, the Englifh hurry.
Prim, girwhir, circle. A. S. ymbbtertan, to be turned round.
Belg. werwen, wieren. Hence the fea-phrafe, to wear Jbip,
to bring her round. Fr. virer and verve, by which they
denote the furor poeticus, which ftrongly agitates the mind ;
and this affection the Inlanders, among whom of old it was
very ftrong and frequent, call fcaldwingl. From this primi
tive the Greek yvpvv, and the Latin gyrare. It is remark
able that the old Latins faid vervart, for circumagere ; and
urvare, to draw the circular line with the plough, to mark
the boundaries of the future city. The word is pure Gothic ;
but neither Feftus, nor any of his commentators, underfiood
it. Confer A&a Sueciae Litterar. vol. IV. p. 386. Junius
lias given us no etymon of whirl. Vid. in voce.

VER. 6. Clout'] Goth. klut, paani fruftum, a rag. The
prim, is c/o-clu, covered, fliut up. Hence Lat. c/aua'o, cludo*
in-cludoy and our clofe, inclofe^ difclofe. Douglas ufed cloys
for cloifter, place where monks and nuns are fhut up. In
the Gael, duff, in A., S. c/eof, fignify joining of a rent.
A. S. geclutad hraegl, a clouted garment. " Ex his con-
jicere licet (fays Ihre) k/ut, prima et antiquiflima fignifica.-
fione denotaffe panni frufta ad farciendas veftes iinmiffa." In
Englifh, a clouterly fellow* a mean man, a fellow in rags.
. Mefftff, a fool ; Swed. Mutart, a botcher of old clothes.
K '

74 THE GABERLUNZIE-MAN,

A cripple or blind they will ca* me,

While we will be merry and fing.

VER. 7. Cripple} Lame man. A word found in all the
Celtic dialers. Wdfh erupt ; A. S. crypl ; Belg. krepel>
\reupel; Swed. krympling, paralytic, membris captus ; whence
our cramp* binding of the fmews. The primitive is craf 9
crifi craw, to bind. Hence Gaelic crampa, French
crampon, crampoyer. The fhell-fifh crab, from its claws,
and the French crapaud, are of the fame origin. Hence,
too, Greek ypwxctiv&v, in-curvari, ypviretMov, a man bent
down or crippled with age. GlofT. Philoxeni jtpst/TetAoi>Tf,
vacillantes. Junius odly deduces cripple, a jtpae/TetA*, cra-
: But we are weary of his blunders ; and fo, perhaps,

the reader of ours.

jf am fat is eftj manum de tabula*

ADDENDA,

ADDENDA,

FOR the following elucidations of the general principles
laid down in the Preface, and exemplified in the
Notes on the foregoing Ballad, the Public and I are indebted
to a learned and worthy friend of the Author*, whofe exten-
five erudition is only equalled by the modefty and candour
confpicuous in his whole deportment. 1 am fure our learned
readers will regret with me, that he has not puflied his re-
fearches further than he has done. But, from the little he has
here given us, the general principle of Etymology I have en
deavoured to eftablilh will derive new force, and our readers
new entertainment.

TO 7 H E READER.

IN the following ftridhires, 1 have, in a manner, confined
myfelf to the Oriental languages. My knowledge of the
Northern tongues is too much bounded to qualify me for pur-
fuing the coincidences of words through their various dia
lects. I (hall, perhaps, be blamed for terminating the origin
of too great a number of words in the Hebrew. This, how
ever, I did, from a conviclion that their radical fyllables and
{ignifications appeared mofl obvious in that language. In a
few inftances I have taken the liberty to differ from the
1C 2 learned

* Mr Da-vid Daig t Re&or of the Academy in Stirling,

7 6 ADDENDA.

learned and laborious Author of the Notes. I have not,
however, the remoteft intention to detraft from his well-known
abilities and merit. I imagined it might neither be difplea-
fing to himfelf, nor his readers, to fee, upon fome occafions,
the fame individual term placed in various points of light.
If the unlearned philologer mail acquire one new idea by the
perufal of them, I ihall think myfelf abundantly rewarded for
the pains I have taken in throwing them together.

Before I proceed to the additional notes, I mall take the
liberty to prefent to the reader one {ingle word, which, in my
opinion, furnifhes a very ftriking evidence of the truth of the
Author's leading principle, with relation to the exigence of
an original univerfal language.

Ur, aur, our~] Thefe words fignify fire, light, heat, and
feveral other things nearly connected with thefe ideas. They
occur frequently in the Hebrew, and its fiftei -dialers. In
the Chald. we have Ur, the name of a city, -where, it iy
thought, the Sun was war/hipped by a perpetual fire. Alfa
Or-choe, the feat of the Chaldean aftronomers called Or-
cheni, Strabo, 1. 16. p. 739. We find orcitx, or oritx, in
different .parts of the Eaft, the Chald. Atun -ura, the fur
nace of fire, occurs, Dan. chap. 3. ver. 6. &c. In the
Gentoo language war, which is only a fmall variation, im
ports day, light, fee Halhed's Pref. to his Traoflation of
the Gentoo Laws. In the fame tongue, the moft ancient
Dynafty of the Gentoo Princes were called Suragc, from Sur,
a name or epithet of the Sun See Halhed's Pref. and CoL
Dow's Introd. to the Hid. of Hindoftan,

In the old Perfian, or Pehlvi, the word hyr fignifies fire,
the fame with ur, only with the afpirate prefixed.

Hyr-lad, a fire, temple ; Az-ur, Mars, i. e. the fierf
planet, compounded of Az, or Aft, fire, and Ur, heat or
light. Hur t or Cbur t is a common name of the Sun in that

language.

ADDENDA. 77

language. Kur, Rafcb, Horejh 9 Kt/po<, Gr. which lair*
Plut. Vit. Artax. fignifies the Sun. From the fame word we
have the firft fyllable of Or-mazd, the God of Light, the
chief Divinity of the Perfians. Here, too, we find Punm f
fignifying tots, denominated frohi the ceremonies of fire em
ployed upon thefe occafions Efth. chap. iii. ver. 7. &c.

The Arabian Uro-talt, Herod. 1. 3. cap. 8. is compound
ed of tir, light, and jalath, high. In Egypt we find Ortts,
or If or us, Apollo, the Sun, Herod, 1. 2. Diod. Sic. 1. I.
Plut. Ifis and Ofiris, Horapollo, PalT. In the fame language
we have Atbur, the name of a month, partly anfwering to
our October, on the lyth day of which Ofiris was put intc*
the coffin, a word compounded of ait, or at, or atk* heat,
and ur, or or See Plut. nbi fupra. The particle pi was
common in the Egyptian tongue, fee Kirch. Prolegom. Copt,
page 1 80, 297. Jamefon's Spicileg. cap. 9. parag. 4. Hence
fur, fire, and fometimes the Sun. Of this word, and the
Hebrew chamud, or omud, columna, is compounded the
term -ri/ptf^/f, pyramid, edifices, creeled in honour of the
Sun.

The crt'p of the Greeks, according to Plato (Cratyl. p.-
410. Serr.) was borrowed frorn. the Phrygians. Thefe laft:
had received it from the Perfians by the Armenians, who
fpoke nearly the fame language. The word Tup produced 3
numerous family, all defendants of the oriental term Ur.

Or~\ Another modification of the fame word, produced
Jpee, tempeftas, a feafon, with a numerous train of connections.
Alfb u>pa, beauty ; etoc, a fword, from its glittering, by
the fame analogy that the Scandinavians call it brandt : Alfo
!p*y, video, arid many others.

From aur we have the Eolic tup , rtvpov, afterwards adopt
ed by the Latins. From our we have oupof, ventus fecundus,
with all its compounds and derivatives ; alfo Kuvo^pa, the
North Pole-Star, which the Greeks have corrupted in a

fhamefui

yg A D D E N D A;

fltameful manner. It is really compofed of the Hebrew or
Phoenician kanes, congregavit, and ur, light, i. e. an Affem-
blage of Light. From the fame root \ve have oup^jof, coelum.
The laft part is probably the oriental en, fignifying an eye, a
fountain, the Sun being the eye of Heaven, or fountain of
light.

In the Latin tongue we have a numerous tribe of words
defcended from ur, or, aur ; fuch are tiro, buro, burruin,
ap. Feftum pro rufum, purus, purgo. From the fame root
we have/*, to rage like fire ; furia, a fury. Perhaps this
laft word may be a native of Egypt, from whence the Greeks
derived their ideas of the infernal regions. See Diod. Sic.
1. I. juxta finem. The Latian Jupiter was called Jupiter
Puer. I fufpect this epithet is diflorted from pi-ur. In an
cient times, it is probable, this Deity was no other than the
Sun. See Macrob. Saturn, cap. 17. His Minifters were
called Pueri ; and beeaufe they were generally handfome
young men, felecled for that office, in procefs of time, I
Fancy, the word puer came to fignify a young man in general.
At Prenefte, Jupiter Puer was in high veneration ; he pre-
fided over the celebrated Sortes PreneiHni, defcribed by
Cicero, de Divinat. 1. 2. From or we have or tor 9 ordior 9
and perhaps oro ; from aur we have aura, Aurora, aurum,
&c.

The words fire, air, &c. plainly defcended of the fame
ftock, under various forms, and with new modifications, per
vade all the German and Scandinavian dialects ; an aiTertion
which the Author of the Notes would certainly have demon-
flratcd, had that term occurred in the text of the Ballad.

In the French we have Jour, with all its compounds, from
the very fame root. In the Celtic, ere, or aur, fignifies gold,
concerning which, Volfius (Etym. V. durum) has told a
heap of abfurdites. The name ore is given it in allufion
to its mining quality, a word which we have adopted,

aid

ADDENDA. 7$

and applied to fignify any metal before it is purified
and refined. Aur alfo in Celtic fignifies yellow. VicV
Bullet in Aur. Thofe who are well acquainted with
the remains of the ancient Celtic, can, no doubt, produce
many other cognates of the fame original term. If the above
detail mould be thought tedious, the beft apology I can make
is, that I am confident I have, for the fake of brevity, omit
ted at leaft one third of what I could eafily have produced :
At the fame time, all thefe analogies might have been con
firmed and elucidated by a variety of quotations from ancient
and modern authors, had the bounds I have prefcribed to my
felf admitted fuch enlargements.

TITLE.

Gaber~] In fome places of Scotland, this word, among the
vulgar, denotes an idea very different from that ailigned by
the Author of the Notes. When a thing is darned to pieces,
they fay it is driven to gaberts, or gabers. According to
this acceptation, the Gaberlunzie-man will imply a fellow
whofe clothes about his loins are all rags and tatters, all
worn out, &V.

The character exhibited throughout the Ballad, feems
rather to be that of a common beggar than of a tinker, though
indeed both profeflions were often united in the fame perfon.

Gab feems originally to denote the roof of the mouth or
palate. In fome of the Eaftern languages it fignifies an emi
nence, a protuberance, gibbous, &c. Hence Arab, gsbal, a
hill ; alfo the Lat. gibbus, hump- backed. According to this
idea, it was appropriated to fignify the roof of the mouth,
which, indeed, rifes in a gibbous form or arch over the tongue
and lower part of the mouth. From the notion of a rifing
protuberance, it was probably transferred to fignify cabbage,
and whatever elfe imports eminence, elevation, or gibbofity*

Hence

So ADDENDA.

Hence galah, fcyphus, a kind of cup, fo called from its
eiblous protuberant belly, perhaps the origin of the Scotch
word tap, and of all its German and Scandinavian cog
nates.

Caph, Hebr. the hollow of the handy or any other cavity
fitted for containing. By changing the pk but a very little,
we have cav, gait, cow, and go<w, fyllables which occur in a
pumber of compounds, both in the Eaft and Weft. Plut. in
Alex, tells us that gau-gamela fignifies the houfe of the camel.
Jt were eafy to trace this word through many different lan
guages. It is the origin of the Englifh word cave. Scotch
cove, and Welch cowe ; Lat. cavus, a-um, hollow. Here,
I believe, we may difcover a compofition of the word cesium
very different from that ufually affigned. Co is a houfe, and
El, or //, a Phnceician name of the Deity. Hence we have
Ennius's dllifonans Coil, Annal. L. I. and alfo the follow*
ing verfes :

" Coilum profpexit ftellis fulgentibus aptum.
*' Olim de Coilo laivum dedit inclytus fignum|
" Saturnus quern Coitus genuvit.
" Unus erat quern tu tollas in coirila Coili
Templa."

Hence it is probable that Co-il originally fignified the Houfp
of //, or El t which is perfectly conformable to the notion of
Heaven commonly exhibited in Scripture. The idea annexed
to this word carries us back to a very uncultivated ftate of
Society. The fame word being applied both to iignify a cave
and a houfe, intimates that the original men often dwelt in
eaves. Vid. the Poems of Qflian, paflim.

" Domus antra fuerunt,
Et denfi frutices, vinetae cortice virgse."

Ovid. Metam.

As

ADDENDA. 81

As gow, ga--w, caw, cow, originally fignified a houfe, in
procefs of time it came to import a collection of houfes, a
village, a city. This was the cafe both in the German and
Celtic tongues. Thus we have Cra-conv, Tor-ganv, Wormcs-
ga<w, Nord-gakv, Rhin-ganu : See Cluv. Germ. Antiq. 1. I.
cap. 13. p. 91. Confer Bullet in Gouri, and Gowrin.
In Scotland we have Glaf-cow, or Glaf-gi<w, Linlith-
gow, &c. In the old Britim dialed, gonve, or rather
co<we, fignified likewife low, hollow ; Scotch hows. From
gow, or cow, and ri, a river, we have Gowrie, a low fer
tile tract .of ground, lying on the north bank of the river
Tay. In ancient times, this diflricl: lay between the rivers
Tay and Erne.

Lunzie] We call a bulky parcel, which one carries on his
haunch, under his coat, a luncbick ; perhaps the fame with the
Englim luncheon, both derived from the word lunzie.

STANZA I.

VER. i. The] This particle has a mod extenfive range
both in the Eaitern and Weftern parts of the Globe. Hebr.
zah, or zahah ; Chald. da, di, dik, din. Arab. Syr. much
the fame. Perf. di. From the Chald. da, the Greeks
formed their TC, the article of the neuter gender. It is the
fame with the Latin de, though of a different fignification.
The fame article runs through all the Gothic dialects, with
very little variation.

Over] This prepofition, however meanly it figures in our
dialects, is, notwithstanding, one of the terms which made a
part of the original language of mankind. In Hebrew we
have ckabar, or, as fome pronounce it, obar, tranfivit,
tranfgreflus eft ; heber, tranfitus ; Chald. cheber, chibur, from
which word, fome think the pofterity of Abraham were called
: . L Hebrews^

ADDEND A.

t transfiuviani, men from beyond the river. Syriaa
or abara, whence Beth-abara y the houfe of .the pajj"-
age? the ferry-koufe> John, chap. i. 25. Hence alfo ckebar,
in Ezek. From Chabar, trans, over, were denominated the
Chabareniy a people beyond the mountains of Armenia,
Steph. Byzan. in Voc.

From the Chald Cbiber> we have all the Iberi in the Eaft.
In Spain we have Celt-iberi, i. e. the Celtas beyond the'
mountains ; the river Iber, now Ebro, denominated,
I fuppofe, by the Gauls who fettled in that country.

The word aber, (ignifying the mouth of a river, pervades
all the Celtic dialects, and differs almofl nothing from the

From the fame won.1 we have the Greek vrsP, and
a bridge. Alfo the \j&\. fuf>er* fupra^ with all their connec
tions. Upon the whole, hardly any particle has pervaded a
greater number of dialects, both in Europe and Alia.

Lee~] Over all the North of Scotland they pronounce this
word ley, which comes very near the Greek A:<O$, Ay/<yj>,
Ae/ , fcff.

VER. 3. Gudewife'} Good, Scots gude, runs through all
the Northern dialects. Its primitive is found in the old Per-
fian language, where it is gath t good. It is the root of the
Greekct'^aSx, good.

Wife] Of all the etymolbgies of this word, none feem to
me more plaufible than that which refers it to the very word
cbevah. It is only changing the letter heth into w, and
throwing away the he at the end ; but the profound ctymolo-
gifts will reject this derivation, were it for no other reafon
but becaufe it is obvious.

KatUj Kaio~\ Thefe words are originally Perfian. Kai,
or Hei 9 was a title given to a dynafty of their Kings. Hence

the

ADDENDA. 83

the Princes of that family were called Kaianides, which fig-
riifies ihefplendid, or illiiftrious. The word bat, he I, fignifies
fulgur, a flam of lightning. Hebr. 'kai, or kei, uftio,
aduftio ; Gr. ;.a.iu, aro. From the fame root the Latin
prsenomen Caius, borrowed, I fuppofe; from the Etrufcans,
a colony of Lydians, which laft had it from their neighbours
the Medes.

>?:<*'-] From y*e>f g'gno, which laft from yta, Terra,
it being the opinion of the ancient uncivilized Greeks, that
the original men fprung from the earth, according to the
doctrine of Mofclius, Democritus, arid Epicurus, which was
introduced afterwards, and formed upon the fame opinion.
The radical term is the Hebr. gia, vallis.

Gaudeo is, I believe, deduced from the Hebrew gaa'fr,
fuperbire; whence gavah, exultatio, which produces the Gr.
yac:. and the Lat. 'gaudeo, originally gaveo. The Scots
^wordgajf, to laugh immoderately, belongs to the vne fami
ly. They feem to be originally onomdtopxas, formed in al-
lufion to the found of the human voice in an extafy of joy.

VER. 4. Ludge'] Gelt. Lug, Log, a place j whence Lat.
Locus , and the Scot. Logfe, the name of feveral villages.
Hence alfo Kil-logie.

VER. 5. Night] This word* in various forms, pervaded
all the Northern dialeds. With a fmall variation, we have
Lat. nox, nott ; Gr. n; ; Hebr. Chad. Syr. nuch, quievit,
requievit.

JVat~\ Perf. ab> av, atu t a river ; the very fame with,
the Celtic word av, fignifying the fame thing. Of au. and
phrat, the Greeks made EuppTJK, Euphrates.

VER. 6. Ing!e~] The origin of this word is very obfcure.

In many places o Scotlariti they have no other fuel but peats,

furze, broom, heath, and brumwood. Fires confifHng of

fach materials muft be fed by continual fupplies^ which they

L 2 oil

4 ADDENDA.

call Meeting. The Welch vocable ingbilfl fignifies feeding ;
this I take to be the origin of the word ingle, alluding to the
conftant/m//>/ of the fire. In like manner, Ifl. elldur is
fire ; elide, to boil with fire ; both from el, -ool, e/a, to feed.

VER. 7. Dochter y s~] This word is purely Perfian, as is
generally known.

VER. 8. Cadgily~\ The word cadge is probably derived
from the Sclavonian chodge, to trudge on foot ; whence, too,
our fcodgy, a little wench, who does the dirty work in a far
mer's kitchen. The word cadgy, in the prefent cafe, mould,
I think, be written cagy, or cagie, which would agree better
with the pronounciation. It imports merry, cbearful, jovial,
and is, I believe, an abbreviation of the old French word
cagedler, the fame with cajoler, to cajole, flatter, cox.

STANZA II.

VER. 5. Canty~\ From Lat. canto, cano. Hebr. kanah %
canna, calamus, arundo, plainly alludes to playing on inftru-
ments made of reeds, the reed being the firft fubftance ufed
for wind mufic. The Hebrew cbanah, among other fig-
nifications, denotes to fing, to fay, to fyeak to, to teftify, t9
atteft. The Greek AI^U, in ancient times, implied both to
Jing and to fpeak. By comparing thefe two ideas, it appears
that the ancients uttered their words with a canting tone of
voice, or in the recitative ftile. From this circumftance the
orations of the Greeks and Romans may poffibly have derived
fome part of that influence, which we ftill admire, but have
never feen.

VER. 6. Ken~\ This is another word of Perfian extraction.
In that language it denotes a learned intelligent man, efpecially
in the Laws of Zerdufht. Hence all the defcendants of that
word ia Greek, I*atin, Gothic, &fc

STANZA

ADDENDA. 85

STANZA III.

VER. 2. Daddy] This word occurs, with little variation,
in many different languages ; ab, ap, av-us, at, atta, tat,
dad, &c. and are all mere onomatopaeas, fabricated from the
early prattle of infants. The found is formed by an applica
tion of the point of the tongue to the roof of the mouth, one
of the moft natural efforts of the organs of fpeech. It was
probably caught by mothers and nurfes, and by them applied
to intimate the idea of father. This procefs was natural.
The firft articulate found enounced by the child was appropri
ated to the idea of father, he being deemed fiiperior in dig*
nity to the other parent. >

Di"} Mentioned in the notes on the preceding word, figni-
fies br ight, luminous, fplendid, glorious. It occurs in many
of the Eaftern dialects, and from thence probably found its
way into the Weft. Perfian div, a genius, whence Eol. A/^o*,.
Lat. divus, Hebr. zui, fplendor ; Lat. diu, in the day
time ; Gr. A/<r, Jupiter, originally the Sun ; A/of, divinus,
and fo forth.

This word makes the firft part of Aiowffot, the Greek
name of Bacchus, a word which has been ftrangely garbled
by etymologies. In reality, dio fignifies bright, and Kafia>
princeps. The Eolians changed a into v. Hence Dionyfins
will fignify the bright Prince, or the Prince of Light, i. e.
the Sun, who was indeed the original Bacchus of the Greeks,,
and Ofiris of the Egyptians.

VER. 6. Dyke"] Heb. deik, munitio, propugnaculum ; Gr.
Te'yoj. Hence all the progeny of that word throughout the
Greek and Gothic dialects. Hence, too, the Gr. A/***',
^ c .tKV'j^i, oftendo, to point out, as from the top of a bulwark^
fort, or tower. This word may be compared with the Lat.
fpecula, fpeculor, to view from a watch-tower. In ancient

times

$6 ADDENDA,

times it was the pra&ice to erect watch-towers, or eminences;
round the frontiers of a country, and in thefe to place a m^n,
\vhofe bufinefs it was to look out, and, upon the approach of
an enemy, to alarm the country by lighting up fires. Hence
the chariw, vigiles, Hebr. Chald. alluding to the kindling
up fires ; the Gr. -. . , from the fame idea j the Lat<
fpeculatores, and the Scandinavian gokefmen.

VER. 7. dead] To this family belong the Gr. x.\wfl#, neo*
and K/a'j. , the eldeft of the Dejiinies.

ra e w'] From brage> mentioned in the Note on this
word, we have the Engl, brag, braggadocio, importing ori
ginally loud- talking. The Perfian word brag figm&es Jkining,
fparkling, and might be metaphorically applied to denote a
perfou o^JJjining talents, which exactly fuits the Scandinavian,
brage.

Ladylike] Lady, compounded of Goth. lhaif, bread, and
dlen, to ferve, becaufe the miftrefs of the family ufed to diftri-
bute the bi~ead to the guefls and domeftics.

STANZA IV.

VER. t. 7W] Scots t*wa, Engl. two, Belg. tweet
Swed. t*wa, Dan. toe t Sax. t*wa, t<wy, Pal. d<wa y Ruf. twai
Lat. duo, Gr. Tt/(S), Welch duy t Ger. z<wan, Perf. do+
Beng. diOy Malay duo.

VER. 2 Wei] Little. This word bids fair for being the
root of the Greek J o<, a fon. Hence, too, we have the
Spanifh hijo, fignifying the fame thing. This is one of the
many Gothic terms (till fubfifting in the Spanifh tongue.;
Their etymologies tell us, that the word hidolgo, which, in
their language, fignifies a gentleman, is compounded of bijo

and

ADDENDA. 87

and algo, i. e. the fon of fometbing. I believe they are mi*
{taken. The word is made up of the two Gothic terms hij-j
and idelv, or idolg, which laft, in that language, fignifies a
gentleman. A. S. adel athaling, nobly born.

Cock~\ The Celtic word kok fignifies red ; whence Greek
;iOJtx.. , and Latin coccus, purple. Perhaps this bird was fo
denominated from the red colour of his crsft, or comb. Be
that as it may, the creature is a native of Media, and there
fore cannot endure the cold of thefe northern regions, without
JufFering very feverely.

VER. 3. Shot~] The root is the Scythian Jket, an -arrow*
Perhaps it may not be amifs to enquire fomewhat minutely in
to the origin and connections of this word, for reafons which
will appear by and by. I mail not pretend to trace it through
the Gothic dialers, all which it pervades, with little alteration
of found or fignification. From the numerous cognates of
this term, I (hall fingle out the wordyftt'//, or Jkout, which is
nothing elfe but a modification of the original vocable. The
prefent meaning of this word is univeifally known ; but, I be
lieve, few are acquainted with its original and primary accep
tation.

The Celtic or Gaelic word feuta denotes a vagabond, a
reftlefs wanderer, one perpetually roving about, without fet
tling in, any particular place, or fixed habitation. From this
definition it plainly appears that it is of the fame family with
the word J-cout, mentioned above. This radical term, with
the definition annexed, I owe to the translator of Oilian's
Poems ; and it enables me to afcertain the original import of
two names, which have greatly embarrafTed a multitude of
critics, of different ages and countries. This word fcuta is,
Beyond all doubt, the original of the Greek !~H,u' ; rf., Scytha,
a Scythian. The found and figniilcation of the Celtic and

Qreek

S8 ADDENDA.

Greek word fix the analogy to a demonftration, It was,
no doubt, applied to the Scythians, with a particular view to
-exhibit the roving, reftlefs difpofition of thofe people, who in
habited all the Northern regions of Afia and Europe. Ana-
Jagous to this idea, the Perfians called the fame people S^xst/,
Sacse. Herod. 1. 7. cap. 64. Oi<P* UspT&i Trcti'Tas TK<- SjrjQet?
KAKi-si Sax*? ; *' Now the Perfians call all the Scythians,
" Sacoc" The Perfian wordfack is plainly a cognate of the
Hebrew Jkakak, ciifcurrere, difcurfaare, t$c. The mono-
fyllable root of the word \sfoak, or foeik, and alludes to the
very fame reftlefs, wandering difpofition, that the word fciita
docs in the Celtic. Both the :.x '& of the Greeks, and the
Sacae uf the Perfians, were terms of reproach, impofed by
hoftile neighbours ; and, of courfe, were never adopted by the
Scythians themfclves, who always afTumed a more honourable
denomination.

From the ime word fcuta, and for the fame reafon, was
derived the opprobrious name Scot ; a name detefted by the
Aborigines of the country, who always call themfelves by the
Gentile appellation, Albanich* During the lower ages of the
Roman Empire, the Aboriginous Britons, whom the Romans,
upon their firft invafion, had forced to take fhelter among the
faftnefles of the mountains, gradually recovered their courage,
and, fallying from their ftrong holds, harrafled the Remans,
and Provincial Britons, without diftinclion. As thefe people
were perpetually roving about, and diitreffing the Province by
dcfukory wars, the Provincial Britons, out of fpite, branded
them with the infamous epithet of fcuta, in allufion to their
wandering migratory courfe of life. The Romans foon caught
the term from the Britons, and turned the word into Scotti,
or Scoti.

In confirmation of this etymon, it may be obferved, that,
not many years ago, the Scots borderers ufed to call them
felves

ADDENDA. 89

felves feuytes, and Jkytes, as we learn from Cambden. In
deed, lefs than a century ago, the term was current in the
North of Scotland. The Saxon-Scots readily adopted this
name, being ignorant of the original import of it ; bat the
Scoto-Brigantes, or Highlanders, have always deemed it a
term of reproach, and, coniequently, fliil retain their original
denomination, Albanlch.

From the fame word Saca, or Sak, explained above,
the Saxons who fettled in the North of Germany feem to
have derived their name. They were probably a colony of
Scythian emigrants, who fettled in that country, and brought
with them the Gentile name Sak, which had become the
general denomination of thefe tribes of Scythians who lived
neareft the frontiers of Media, and the other Provinces of
the Perfian Empire. Certainly the etymon affigned by Verfte-
gan, Sir William Temple, and .others-, who tell us, that it
is derived from feaxen, "or feaxes, is highly improbable.
Thefe feaxen, or feaxes, were weapons much ufed by the
Saxons. They were crooked after the fafhion of a fcythe,
with the edge on the contrary or outward fide. The plural,
formed by n, inftead of /, made Seaxon, which (fays Verfle-
gan, p. 21.) the Latins turned into Saxons.

VER. 4. Benf\ This fpecies of grafs is feldom produced in
marfliy grounds. It appears in greateft plenty on any fandy
hillocks, efpecially on fandy grounds lying on the fea-fliore,
which we call links. In Erfe it is called ifnacb, which figni-
fies Jhort, ill-grown ; Scot, fitten. Our <anceftors ufed to
twift ropes of it, for feveral purpofes ; hence, perhaps, it
might be called lent, from Iflandic land, Saxon bandan,
fiuculum.

M STANZA

ADDENDA,

STANZA V.

VER. i. Beggar"] To beg, to afk alms ; from the Goth,
bidgan, Ifl. bid. Sax. biddan, to pray ; whence to bid beads.
Perhaps it may have originated from the practice of beggars,
who life to pray for alms. The Hebr. bag fignifies meat, and
is, perhaps, a cognate of this term.

VER. 2. Strae~\ There is ari obvious analogy between this
word and the Gr. cp<a<- , -pon't;/// ; Lat. ftrao, fterno, to
ftraw, to fpread, to level. In this laft fenfe, they feem to
coincide with the vim&ftrath, (a level country, lying between
two ridges of mountains) fo common in all the Celtic dialers.
Strath and Jlraitb are true Celtic words, a valley lying along,
a river. Vide Bullet, Did. Celt, in Strat and Sir ah*
To the fame tribe belong Gr. spstro?, 'paw*, .- . e&T07rg</V,
&c. Thefe words were appropriated by the Greeks to figni-
fy a camp, an army, an encampment, &c. becaufe the ori
ginal mode was to chufe large level plains for encampments.
For the fame reafon, the word camp, from the Lat. campus,
a plain, is ufed by the French, Spaniards, Italians, and Eng-
lifti, to denote the fame idea.

The Latin word Jierno fignifies to make a he'd, which was
done by making, arranging, and levelling the y?/Y?iu ; whence
appears the relation of the ideas. Both Greeks and Latins
call a bed-ftead torus, becaufe it was formed of thongs of a
bull's hide, employed in the lame manner as we now do cords*
Thus Oflian often mentions the binding of prifoners with
thongs. We learn, too, that in that Poet's time, thongs of
leather were ufed aboard of mips for ropes. The Chald. thor
isa<W/; whence the ^c-rpc of the 'Greeks, and the tauruf
of the Latins. From thefe two ideas of Jfranv, and thongs of
uncLrejfcd leather, we may infer, that the ancients of every rank
flept not more foftly than our peafants do at prefent.

ADDENDA. 91

VER. 5. Kojfers~] Ifl. kofe, domuncula; kofa, cavea, con
clave. Here again we may recur to the Hebrew kaph,
cavum, vola, manus, &c. Hence, too, we have the vulgar
term coft, inftead of bought, i. e. coffed, put into my coffer.

Kifts~\ The root of this word is the Hebrew kis, loculus,
marfupium, crumena,

STANZA VI,

VER. 2. Kirn~\ To the Author's numerous collections on
the etymology of this word, we may add, that, agreeably to his
idea, the ~H.ebr.geor fignifies coire, convenire, in the fame fenfe
that the Latins fay, in circulum venire. I cannot difmifs this
word without venturing a few flriclures on the very different
ideas affixed to it.

Gur, a verb, fignifies, among other things, to fear, to be
afraid, to dread. Gur, a fubirantive-noun, imports a ftr -an
ger, an incomer, &foj our tier. From the connection of thefe
two ideas, we are led to infer the inhofpitable character of the
ancients towards people of a foreign tiibe, or clan, who re-
lided among them. Their hofpitality to travellers, or paffen-
gers, was indeed almoft unbounded ; but with refpecl: to
foreigners who fettled in their country, the cafe feems to have
been widely different, as it (till is in many places of the
diftant Highlands : Hence, I fuppofe, the many injunc
tions we meet with in fcripture, inculcating beneficence and
tendernefs towards Grangers.

From magor, or megor, a compound of this word, we
have Ma-gar a, the name of one of the furies of hell, import
ing terror, difmay, CsV.

From another compound of the word magur, habitatio,

(ommoratio, we have the Greek u-yapo , domus^

domicil'mm, any large repofitory, or magazine ; a word very

M 2 common

92 ADDENDA.-

common in Homer. From Megurah we have Megara, a
city of Greece, mid- way between Athens and Corinth. Garuth,
hofpitium, is the very fame with the Celtic gh-iuarth, a fort or
caftle. The fame word produced the Pcrfian^^r//, guerd,
a city, from which we have a numerous family of defcendants
in all the Gothic dialects. This word is likewife the parent of
the Lat. migro, to remove ; or, as we fay in Scotland, to fit.

In the notes upon this word, which indeed fliew a vaft ex
tent of etymological learning, the Author deduces the Greek
etyopa.) from the the primitive gur :' To me it feems rather to
be formed from the prefect, med. of the verb &ytip6>, congre-
go, which is derived from the Hebrew ager t collegit,
congeflit.

VER. 2. Butt"} This word, with all its numerous progeny,
was imported from Perfia, where it appears nearly in the fame
form, bad, bod, bud, fignifying, in that language, a houfe, a
dwelling, an abode, the very fame with the German and Scan
dinavian word in queftion. It is indeed the Hebr. betb, beith ;
Chald. bitb ; Arab, bait ; Egypt, but. In Egypt, the place
into which the initiated were put was called by this name.
See Hefych. in voce. Alfo, fi:tTts, BC-JTIS, and, without
the Greek termination but, bot, was a kind of (hip; refembling
a fioating-houfe or booth. From the fame word we have the
Greek x/0<y7/<, a wooden ark. Comp. of the Hebrew geb,
gibbus, and bot. This word might be traced through a mul
titude of languages, and was, no doubt, a primaeval term.

VER. 4. Ben} To the numerous etymologies of this word
traced by the Author, I fhall prefume to add one more,
which will lead us back to the fame original with btit, of
which it is the oppofite. In the Chald. we find the word benin,
benina, Ezr. v. 4. fignifies gsdificium, a houfe, a dwelling,
from the Hebr. bana, aedificavit. From benin we may, with
out

ADDENDA. 93

out any violence, deduce the word ben, in the fame manner
we do butt from beth.

STANZA VII.

VER. 8. Bann'd'] This is another word of Perfian extrac
tion. In that language the word bend fignifies a chain, and
metaphorically an objlack, a harrier, a wall.

STANZA VIII.

VER. 4. Frae"] The fame nearly with the Gr. T^prf. The
radix is theHebr. pharad, or phrad, feparavit, fejunxit. The
root is phar, phara ; or, without the point, phra. It is cer
tainly conne&ep! with our words far,frae. Of this wordpbar,
and Chald. bar a, is formed the Greek B<*p3ctpo*, a Barbarian.
In the oriental dialefts it fignified agreftis, rufticus, a pea-
fant ; what idea the Greeks annexed to its derivative, is too
well known to need to be mentioned.

The Author has fome where obferved, that there is certain
ly a very fine! connection among the particles of almoft all
languages. This obfervation is founded on facl ; and I may
add, that the not underftanding the nature, relations, fignifi-
cation, and original import of thefe feemingly unimportant
terms, has occafioned not only great uncertainty, but num-
berlefs blunders, in tranflating the ancient languages into
modern tongues. The Greek language, in particular, lofes
a confiderable part of its beauty, elegance, variety,
and energy, when the adverbial particles, with which
it is replete, are not thoroughly comprehended. An
exact: tranflation of thefe fmall words, in appearance in-
fignificant, would throw new light not only on Homer and

Hefiod,

94 ADDENDA.

Hefiocf, but even on poets of a much pofterior date. Par
ticles, which are generally treated as mere expletives, would
often be found energetically ilgnificant. It is, however, al
together impoflible to fucceed in. this attempt, without a com
petent Ml in the Hebrew, Chaldean, Syrian, Arabic, Per-
fian, Phoenician, Gothic, and Celtic languages. >uch an
extenfive acquaintance with languages is, it is true, ieldora
to be foun^L in one and the fame perfon. I fliall here take the
liberty to mention a few of the moil familiar of thefe particles,
one or other of which occurs in almoft every line of Homer,
and which, I am perfuaded, are generally mifunderftood.
Such are <*V, -fa, ^ugr, w, y&v, //a, 7o,,yi } o/ f y.,v, '/p#,prf.
All thefe particles are truly fignificant, and, if properly ex
plained, would add confiderable energy to the claufes in which
they (land ; but this difquifition- muft be left to the learned
Philologers of the Univerfities.

VER. 7. Lahb~\ The Author adduces very plaufible ar
guments to prove, that the Greek word &A y.t. is derived
from laith. I mail, however, adduce another etymology, and
leave the choice to the judgment of the reader. In the Hebr.
and Chald. we have the word cheleg, plur. chelegim ; or, as
fome pronounce them, oleg, plur. olegim, lifplng^Jlammering.
In ancient times, tteyoe {ignified the fame with flower,
lamentation. Thofe who lament ufe a whining tone of voice ;
which circumftance, perhaps, gave birth to the word.

STANZA IX.

VER. 7. Town] To the Author's quotation from Tacitus,
may be added another from Caefar de BeL Gal. 1. 5. cap. 21,

STANZA X.

VER. 7. Ca''] Few words pafs through more languages,
and with lefs variation than this. Its root is the Hebrew kol*
vox. Its cognates and derivatives fpread themfelves through
the Arabic, Syrian, Chaldean, Perfian, Greek, Latin, and
Gothic, and are a (Inking inftance of the univerfality of the
primaeval language.

It has been obferved, in the courfe of thefe Notes, that the
German and Scandinavian tongues abound with vocables of
the- fame found and fignification. There are only two ways
of accounting for this appearance : Firft, by fuppofing that
thefe coincident terms were parts o'f the univerfal original
language fpoken by Noah and his family on the plains of
Shinar, and preferved. after the confuiion of tongaes at Babel :
Or, fecondly, by granting, that Colonies emigrated from the
neighbourhood of Media and Perfia, and at laft fettled in Ger
many and Scandinavia. Perhaps it might be owing to both
caufes. Without entering into a minute difcuffion of this
point, which the bounds I 'have prefcribed myfelf will not
permit, I mall only obferve, that the Median and Armenian
tongues were different dialects of the fame language. The
Armenians, Syrians, Chaldeans, refembled one another in
features, language , and manners. Again, the Phrygian and
Armenian tongues bore fo near a refemblance, that many have
thought the former were defcended from the latter. The
Thracians and Phrygians are faid to have been the fame peo
ple, and therefore fpake the fame language. The Thracians
and Getx likewife fpoke only different dialects of the fame
tongue. The latter fpread themfelves far and wide towards
the Weft and North : probably they over-ran a considerable part of Germany, and forced their way into Scandinavia.
Some have thought that the Goths and Getas were the fame
people. This, however, is a vulgar miftake, arifing from the ig
norance of the hiftorians of the lower ages of the Roman Em
pire. If the links of this chain mall happen to be firmly con
nected, we need not be furprifed at finding a great number of
words pervade all the dialects fpoken by thefe different and
very diftant cations*