Bluegrass Messengers

The Survival of a Saint's Legend- McCabe 1980

[From: Mary Diane McCabe, (1980) A critical study of some traditional religious ballads, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7804/

This chapter and the entire MS does not scan and is best viewed online until I have time to edit it. Not carefully edited by readable. Some of McCabe's ending pages (Appendix H) were not scanned.

She presents three ballad groups I-III with a list of distinctive features and over 135 sources. Interesting is her assessment of the ur-ballad which she dates before 1300. The ur-ballad is clearly aligned with the Anglo-French ballad

R. Matteson 2015]


CHAPTER ELEVEN
THE SURVIVAL OF A SAINT'S LEGEND: 'SIR HUGH OR THE JEW'S DAUGHTER' (CHILD 155)

Sir Hugh will not be considered in as much detail as the other ballads of this study, since in most versions it is not recognizably religious, except in so far as it displays general religious prejudice against Jews. The ballad has obviously been preserved not for its religious message but for the suspense and pathos of its story of child murder[1]. The climactic structure and striking dialogue of the earliest Scottish versions compensate somewhat for the ballad's distasteful, indeed horrific[2], theme, the alleged ritual murder of a Christian boy by Jews. For the last hundred years, however, the ballad's chief use has been as a frightening or s e n t i m e n t a l children's song[3] and in this truncated and frequently garbled form its a r t i s t i c value is not high. Some modern American v a r i a n t s are, indeed, merely grotesque[4]:

'O take those finger-rings off my f i n g e r s,
Smoke them with your breath. '

The i n t e r e s t of Sir Hugh for this study lies in its i l l u s t r a t i o n of how a popular and u n e d i f y i n g saint's legend has survived for seven centuries, despite religious Reformation and m i g r a t i o n to another c o n t i n e n t.

The crucifixion of a Christian boy by Jews is first recounted, by the ecclesiastical historian Socrates, as taking place at Inmestar in Syria in the fifth century. The Jews there were in the habit of holding sports among themselves and on one o c c a s i o n, prompted by drunkenness, they began to deride Christianity[5]:

They derided the Cross and those who hoped in the Crucified, and they hit upon this plan. They took a Christian child and bound him to a cross and hung him up; and to begin with they mocked and derided him for some time; but after a short space they lost control of themselves, and so ill-treated the child that they killed him. Hereupon ensued a bitter conflict between them and the Christians: this became known to the authorities: orders were sent to the provincial magistrates to seek out the guilty persons and punish them: and so the Jews of that place paid the penalty for the crime they had committed in sport.

This anecdote of Socrates was available in Latin in the middle ages through the Historia Tripartita of Cassiodorus[6]. N e v e r t h e l e s s, it seems to have had no repercussions until 1144, when a boy named W i l l i a m was found dead in Thorpe Wood near Norwich and it was a l l e g e d that the Jews of Norwich had c r u c i f i e d him in Holy Week in d e r i s i o n of Christ. The boy a c q u i r e d the reputation of sanctity and was e v e n t u a l l y (in 1154) buried in the Martyrs' Chapel in Norwich Cathedral. A monk o f Norwich, Thomas o f Monmouth, wrote a Latin life of 'St. William' in 1172 or 1173 which is extant in a manuscript which may predate 1200[7]. In this work Thomas of Monmouth asserts, on the a u t h o r i t y of a converted Jew named Theobald, that the Jews' motive in murdering William was a sacrifice to enable them to return to their homeland[8]:

He verily told us that in the ancient writings of his fathers it was written that the Jews, without the shedding of human blood, could neither obtain their freedom, nor could they ever return to their fatherland. Hence it was laid down by them in ancient times that every year they must sacrifice a Christian in some part of the world to the Most High God in scorn and contempt of Christ, that so they might avenge their sufferings on Him; inasmuch as it was because of Christ's death that they had been shut out from their own country, and were in exile as slaves in a foreign land. Wherefore the chief men and Rabbis of the Jews who dwell in Spain assemble together at Narbonne. . .and they cast lots for all the countries which the Jews inhabit; and whatever country the lot falls upon, its metropolis has to carry out the same method with the other towns and cities, and the place whose lot is drawn has to fulfill the duty imposed by authority. Now in that year. . . it happened that the lot fell upon the Norwich Jews, and all the synagogues in England signified, by letter or by message, their consent that the wickedness should be carried out at Norwich.

It is p o s s i b l e that this charge of ritual c r u c i f i x i o n was based on a Gentile misunderstanding of the mockery of Haman, in effigy or through a human r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , at the Jewish f e s t i v a l of Purim, which quite f r e q u e n t l y coincides with Easter[9]; a l t e r n a t i v e l y , the charge may reflect a d i s t o r t e d view of Jewish Passover prayers and ceremonies[10]. "Needless to say, the Jewish r e l i g i o n forbids both human s a c r i f i c e and the r i t u a l use of blood[11].

The murder of W i l l i a m of Norwich was very i n f l u e n t i a l: within a few years s i m i l ar charges were brought against Jews both in England and on the c o n t i n e n t. The most important murder cases, in which the victims were venerated as s a i n t s, were those of Harald of Gloucester in 1168, Richard of Pontoise (at Paris) in 1179, Robert of Bury in 1181, Hugh of Lincoln in 1255, Andreas Oxner of Rinn, near Innsbruck, in 1462 and Simon of Trent in 1475[13] . Only Simon of Trent and Andreas of Rinn were ever o f f i c i a l l y canonised by the Church[14], in 1588 and 1753 r e s p e c t i v e l y. Although Popes from Innocent IV in 1247 to Paul III in 1540 repeatedly denied a l l e g a t i o n s that the Jewish r e l i g i o n involved blood s a c r i f i c e[15], stories of this type have remained popular almost up to the present day[16].

Roth points out that the case of William of Norwich and subsequent accusations in England did not involve the allegation that the collect the blood of Christian children for religious or medicinal purposes[17]. Nevertheless the origin of the blood accusation may have been the converted Jew Theobald's assertion that Jews believed they could not regain their homeland "sine sanguinis humani effusione[18]". The first blood accusation seems to have occurred at Fulda in Germany in 1235: thirty-four Jews of both sexes were put to death after allegations that two Jews had killed the five sons of a miller on Christmas Day and collected the blood, for curative purposes, in bags smeared with wax. The Emperor Frederick II disbelieved this charge and appointed an expert commission of inquiry which concluded that the charge was groundless[19]. Henry III of England, at F r e d e r i c k ' s request, sent two Jewish converts to testify to the commission, but reported that a case like that of Fulda was unknown in England[20]. By 1247, however, the blood charge may have been well-known on the continent: Jews arrested after the death of a two-year-old girl at Valreas in France confessed under torture that they used Christian blood as a kind of sacrifice in a yearly communion service held on the Saturday in Passion Week[21]. Another widespread rumour at this time must have been that Jews make their communion at Passover with the heart of a slain child, since Pope Innocent IV refutes this allegation in a letter sent, after the Valreas case, to the Bishops of France and Germany, on 5 July 1247[22]. Both rumours a bull of Gregory X, dated 7 October 1272, which denies that Jews steal and kill children, sacrifice their hearts or their blood, or eat their flesh and drink their blood."

By the mid-thirteenth century a legend had grown up on the continent which explained the Jews' supposed habit of blood alleges on the testimony of a converted Jew that the Jews, ever since their p r o c l a m a t i o n in Matthew's gospel (XXVII.25) have suffered from haemorrhoids and that a Jewish prophet foretold that the disease could be cured only by the shedding of C h r i s t i a n blood (by which he meant the sacrifice of the Mass); since this prophecy, the Jews have cast lots in each province to establish which community must produce the C h r i s t i an blood[24]. This legend is surely derived from Theobald's testimony in the Life of William of Norwich.

Continental traditions of the ritual murder charge, though rare, were known in medieval England: the eating of the heart is found in the Anglo-French ballad of young Hugh of Lincoln and the extraction of a Christian boy's heart by Jews occurs in a fifteenth century miracle story. An early fifteenth c e n t u r y panel at Loddon church in Norfolk depicts the crucified W i l l i a m of Norwich being stabbed by a Jew who holds a basin to collect the blood[25].

N e v e r t h e l e s s , the legend surrounding the death of the boy Hugh at Lincoln is based on ritual c r u c i f i x i o n, not the blood charge: Hugh was a l l e g e d to have been c r u c i f i e d by Jews in July or August 1255 and his body thrown into a well, where it was found by a woman. Miracles f o l l o w e d and Hugh's body was buried at the Cathedral after a solemn procession and with the full honours of a martyr. Full accounts of the supposed murder, d i f f e r i n g only in small details, are given in the c h r o n i c l e s of Matthew Paris and the monastic annals of Burton and Waverley[26].

A detailed account of these is unnecessary, since an excellent summary is given by Professor Child[27]. Appendix H, below, a table of n a r r a t i v e features shared by Sir Hugh with its medieval analogues, shows that Child 155 undoubtedly derives from t r a d i t i o n s surrounding the death of young Hugh of Lincoln. It is therefore most likely that the ur-ballad of St. Hugh in English was composed in the late t h i r t e e n t h century whilst i n t e r e s t in the martyrdom was still high: by 1420 offerings at the shrine of 'little St. Hugh' had dwindled[28]. An Anglo-French ballad of St. Hugh, of 92 stanzas, must have been w r i t t e n before 1272, since it twice refers to King Henry III (who i n v e s t i g a t e d the case) as still living. The maker of this ballad o b v i o u s l y had local knowledge of Lincoln and names as murderers real Jewish suspects of the time[29].

Appendix H also i l l u s t r a t e s that the present ballad of Sir Hugh shares some features with a popular miracle story (used by Chaucer in his 'Prioress' Tale') i n which Jews murder a boy who h a b i t u a l l y sings a Marian anthem near their q u a r t e r s. Both this miracle story, which o r i g i n a t e d before 1200[30] , and the medieval accounts of Hugh's death seem to have been influenced by the famous case of W i l l i a m of Norwich[31], which may be the source of details such as the Council of Jews[39], the testimony of a converted Jew[33] and the d i s p o s a l of the corpse in the Jews' privy or 'jakes'[34]. Brown divides the miracles of the singing boy into three groups. In group A,  comprising thirteen members[35], the boy g e n e r a l l y sings the Marian anthem 'Gaude Maria'; when, after his death he continues to sing, his mother hears him, and with a crowd forces an entrance into the Jews' house; the boy is dug up alive and well, thanks to the miraculous intervention of the Virgin Mary, and in consequence the Jewish murderer is (usually) converted to C h r i s t i a n i t y. In the c o n t i n e n t a l 'Group B' is dug up alive and well, thanks to the miraculous intervention of the Virgin Mary, and in consequence the Jewish murderer is (u s u a l l y) converted to C h r i s t i a n i t y. In the c o n t i n e n t a l 'Group B' c o n t a i n i n g ten texts[36], the mother drops out of the story: the singing boy is a c h o r i s t e r who sings the anthem in church and it is the Jewish murderer who continues to hear the boy's s i n g i n g, is driven to confess, and is b a p t i z e d.

In 'Group C', containing ten texts and associated with England[38] , the boy is often a school boy, the only son of a poor widow, who sings the antiphon 'Alma Redemptoris Mater' while returning from school through a Jewry. After murdering the boy, the Jews throw the corpse into a 'Jakes'. When her son does not return at the usual time, the anxious mother, either immediately or the next morning, goes out to search for her son. The corpse is found because of its singing, and is given a solemn funeral. The boy revives briefly only to announce that his requiem Mass should be that of Our Lady, 'Salve Sancta Parens', or to explain his miraculous singing. Since the 'C-group' texts are the most closely related to Sir Hugh, as well as to the 'Prioress' Tale', they alone are analyzed in Appendix H. The 'A-group' tradition, however, may also have influenced Chaucer's tale[39] and at some points has a close affinity with our ballad: Brown suggests that in the most primitive version of the miracle, the 'ur-Caesarius' tradition, the boy did not sing after his death but instead answered his mother when she called[40]. Allowances must be made, however, for the possibility of narrative coincidence: in one version of the unrelated 'B-group', the Jewish murderer throws his victim into a well, as in Sir Hugh[41]. Other saints' legends contain similar motifs: a fifteenth century English legend of St. Kyneburgh relates that she was murdered by her adoptive stepmother and thrown into a well, from which she answered her adoptive father, who was searching for her[42].

In Appendix G, below, approximately one hundred and thirty-five variants of Sir Hugh have been examined and classified according to textual group. Neither this classification, nor deductions based on it regarding the ballad's t r a n s m i s s i o n (see Appendix J), should be regarded as final. Several American versions were unavailable, whilst some texts contain features from more than one group[43] and may be either f o r e r u n n e r s of these groups, or composite texts based on already existing groups. The largest sub-group (III. iv), the American ballad beginning 'It rained a mist', could certainly be subdivided further on the basis of trivial textual details, but the subdivisions would have neither relevance to this study nor literary i n t e r e s t. The purpose of my c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and description of texts is to provide a simplified reconstruction of how a saint's legend has been changed and s e c u l a r i s e d over several c e n t u r i e s.

The earliest texts of Sir Hugh are Scottish and date from the second half of the e i g h t e e n t h century:- these also p r e s e r v e the medieval saint's legend in its most coherent form. I have named this group (no. 1), 'Mrs. Brown's Group', after Child's A-text. The most coherent texts from group II, 'The School Group', come from Scotland and Ireland and date from the first half of the n i n e t e e n t h century. A branch of this group is also established in America, particularly in Kentucky. The 'School Group' is independent of 'Mrs. Brown's Group' since some 'School Group' texts contain a p p a r e n t l y archaic details which have dropped out of Group I. 'School Group' texts are closest to the traditions of the miracle of the singing boy: this might be narrative c o i n c i d e n c e, the influence of the miracle tradition at a later date, or, as I believe, the p r e s e r v a t i o n of motifs which were in the ur-ballad of Sir Hugh.

The most modern group, 'The Jew's Garden' (III), appears to have been derived from a 'School Group' text. 'The Jew's Garden' group is much the largest, containing ninety-seven texts, and is p a r t i c u l a r l y popular in America. The earliest texts in group III can be traced to the early nineteenth century (see below). The split between groups I and II had evidently occurred by 1763, the date of the earliest version of the ballad in Percy's Reliques (S.H. 2), but may have taken place much earlier (though certainly after the Reformation).

It is extremely likely that the ur-ballad of Sir Hugh recounted the boy's crucifixion at the hands of several Jews. Yet not only is there no trace of crucifixion in any extant text, but crucifixion could not in any case be accomplished by the single woman murderess of most versions[44]. Two broad traditions concerning the murder can be discerned in the ballad texts. 'Mrs. Brown's Group' contains unmistakable hints of cannibalism[45] ;

She laid him on a dressing-board,
Where she did sometimes dine;
She put a pen knife in his h e a r t,
And dressed him like a swine.

Then out and cam the t h i c k, thick blude,
Then out and cam the thin;
Then out and cam the bonny heart's blude
Where a' the life lay in.
   S.H. 3 stas. 8 and 9.

A form of the latter stanza is found in the seventeenth century version of Robin Hood's Death[46], where it has more place, since the ballad relates the fatal b l e e d i n g of Robin Hood at the hands of his kinswoman, the Prioress of Kirklees, a tradition known in the late middle ages[47]. An eighteenth century version of Robin Hood's Death includes another element of Sir Hugh, the murderess leading her victim to a private room[48].

The 'School Group' appears to be the source of the more widespread ballad tradition of Hugh's death. Some 'School Group' texts retain the bleeding stanza of 'Mrs. Brown's Group':

She set him in a chair o gold
And she p r i c k e d him wi a pin , p i n.
And the f i r s t that cam out was t h i c k , t h i c k blude
And the n e x t that cam out was thin, t h i n . . .
And the n e x t that cam out was his h e r t ' s bluid
And there was nae mair w i t h i n.
  S.H. 13 s t a. 3; c f . S.H. 11 s t a . 8.

In other versions the boy's blood is c o l l e c t e d:

She set him in a goolden c h a i r,
And jagged him with a pin;
And c a l l e d for a goolden cup
To houl his heart's blood in.
   S.H. 9 s t a . 5.

This may reflect a knowledge of the continental blood charge, but seems to be a comparatively late feature derived from the ballad of Lamkin (Child 93). Here Lamkin kills the baby slowly so that the infant's screams may bring down the lady of the house:

So he p r i c k e d him and p r i c k ed
All over with a pin,
And the nurse held a basin
For the blood to run in.
 Child 93 F s t a . 10.

In Lamkin and Robin Hood's death the b l e e d i n g is a necessary part of the story, whilst in Sir Hugh it is unexplained and mysterious. Bleeding may, however, have been a motif of the ur-ballad of Sir Hugh and hence attracted stanzas from other ballads: a stone s t a t u e t t e thought to have been placed on the 'martyr's' tomb depicted a small boy with marks of crucifixion and a wound in his side from which blood flowed[49].

Certain sub-groups of 'The Jew's Garden' ( III.ii, III.iv and perhaps also III.iii) have been further contaminated by Lamkin. Texts from these groups often contain both a false nurse who scours a basin to catch the blood[50] and a plea by Hugh that the murderess (who is often the nurse in these texts) save his life:

'Pray spare my life, my own dear nurse,
Pray spare my life or else never,
For if ever I live to be a man
We'll spend our remains together.'
   S.H. 59 sta. 5.

The lady's plea in Lamkin is also o c c a s i o n a l l y addressed to the false nurse:

'Oh spare my life, n u r s i e,
Oh spare my life, spare.
Ye'll have as many gowd guineas
As there's birds in the air.'
Child 93 0 sta. 5.

The stimulus for this further contamination by Lamkin was probably a stanza found in some versions of the earliest sub-group of 'The Jew's Garden' (III.i) :

She led him through the parlor,
She led him through the hall,
She led him to the k i t c h e n,
Among the s e r v a n t s all.
    S.H. 48 s t a . 3.1-4.

When this stanza was only half-remembered, a ludicrous attempt was made to restore the rhyme:

'She took me in the parlour
She took me in the k i t c h e n.
And there I saw my own dear nurse
A picking of a chicken.'
   S.H. 53 s t a . 6.

Hippensteel's suggestion that these later texts of 'The Jew's Garden' are based on the Anglo-French ballad, in which the Jews' C h r i s t i a n nurse helps to dispose of Hugh's corpse in a well, would t h e r e f o r e seem to be ill-founded[51]

Nevertheless, the false nurse of the Anglo-French ballad may explain the presence of a sole woman murderess, the Jew's daughter. In my opinion, the ur-ballad of Sir Hugh related that a boy was enticed from his playmates into a Jew's house, c r u c i f i e d and stabbed, his heart then being eaten as in the Anglo-French ballad. Later -- surely not before the sixteenth century - the c r u c i f i x i o n was forgotten and dropped out, leaving only the suggestions of cannibalism and ritual bleeding.

In the ur-ballad it was probably a woman who threw Hugh's corpse into a well, and influenced by this motif and perhaps by other b a l lads such as Robin Hood's Death[53], the ballad was remodelled with a sole murderess, the Jew's daughter. The well, which according to the Anglo-French ballad stood "derere le chastel del cite" (stanza 46.4), became the personal well of Jews who lived in a castle. The original location of the well in the E n g l i s h ur-ballad is perhaps indicated by the announcement of Hugh's corpse in Group I that he will meet his mother "at the back o merry L i n c o l n[54].

The detail that Hugh kicks the ball through a window (see groups I and 11[55]) and the d e s c r i p t i o n in stanza 1.2 in many texts of the "fall" of rain or dew (a convenient rhyme with "ball") are most probably later developments, once the boys' game had become a ball game, a ballad commonplace[56].

A rainy day, after all, is hardly suitable for outdoor games. In the later group, 'The Jew's Garden', the rain is kept, but the ball's flight through a window, and the epilogue in which Hugh's mother finds her son's corpse in a well have dropped out. The place-name L i n c o l n is preserved in Group I and o c c a s i o n a l l y in Group II[57] , but the oldest sub-group of 'The Jew's Garden' (iii.i, from England), commonly begins "It rains, it rains, in merry Scotland" (S.H. 40). This suggests that Sir Hugh may have been r e i n t r o d u c e d into England from Scotland[58], probably during the e i g h t e e n t h century[59]. There is no evidence that the ballad of Sir Hugh survived in folk tradition in England after the Reformation[60] despite the p r o b a b i l i t y that the ur-ballad originated in England, perhaps near L i n c o l n.

The boy's name, 'little Sir Hugh', preserved only in Groups I and II [61], is an indication of the ballad's medieval origins: the boy Hugh of Lincoln was probably called 'young' or 'little' St. Hugh to d i s t i n g u i s h him from the earlier St. Hugh (1135? - 1200, canonised 1220) who was Bishop of Lincoln and, ironically, a protector of the Jews[62] . There is no evidence that the 'School Group' variant, S.H. 14, in which the boy is called William is based on the story of W i l l i a m of Norwich as Thompson argues[63]. Neither the boy's name nor the place-name 'Lincoln' survive in 'The Jew's Garden' (Group III).

Mrs. Brown's version alone preserves the solemn funeral attended by miracles which must have been a feature of the ur-ballad, since, as we have seen, it occurs in all medieval analogues of Sir Hugh:

Now Lady Maisry[64] is gane hame,
Made him a winding sheet,
And at the back o merry Lincoln
The dead corpse did her meet.

And a' the bell so merry Lincoln
Without men's hands were rung
And a' the books o merry Lincoln
Were read without man's tongue
And neer was such a burial
Sin Adam's days begun.
   S.H. 1 stas. 16 and 17.

Bells rung without hands commonly feature in medieval hagiography[65]. The two miracles imply that Hugh's burial service was conducted by angels. The ballad's religious significance was thus probably remembered in the e i g h t e e n t h century by some singers. Mrs. Brown also callas the well "Our Lady's draw-well "[66] and a more recent Irish version (from group II.i) calls it "St. Simon's well"[67]. Two 'School Group' versions, moreover, mention that God directed Hugh's mother to the draw-well, a feature of the miracle of the singing boy[68].

The solemn funeral is changed in the 'School Group' to the corpse's concern that he be given a proper burial[69]:

'Give my blessing to my school fellows all,
And tell them to be at the church,
And make my grave both large and deep.
And my c o f f i n of hazel and green b i r c h.
   S.H. 11 sta. 15.

This in turn led to the corpse's request that he be buried with articles such as bow and arrow or prayerbook and bible, a motif perhaps borrowed from Robin Hood's Death but more probably from The Twa Brothers (Child 49)[70]. This feature also o r i g i n a t e d in the 'School Group' and is well preserved throughout 'The Jew's Garden':

'Oh, lay my B i b l e under my head
My prayer-book under my f e e t;
And when my playmates i n q u i r e for me,
J u s t tell them I'm fast asleep.'
   S.H. 63 s t a. 7.

Underlying Hugh's request here may be the old folk belief that "a bible could be laid on a restless child's head so as to send it to sleep"[71].

The 'School Group' stresses that Hugh was a schoolboy and that his mother missed him when he failed to return from school, features both of the miracle of the singing boy and the annals of Burton[72]. 'School Group' texts commonly open with a reference to the time at which the incident took place, either a holy day, or a day in summer. This type of reference is found also in secular balladry but in the 'School Group' might just possibly be derived from the medieval tradition of little St. Hugh[73]. Some 'School Group' texts preserve the medieval features of the mother's direct inquiry of the Jews, the Jew's taunt (though such taunts are a ballad commonplace) and the suggestion that Hugh had been warned not to associate with Jews[74].

One detail which may have been in the ur-ballad has been corrupted in the 'School Group': in text 3 (group I) , Hugh's mother sets out, like the mother in an early version of the miracle of the singing boy but also like many a ballad heroine, with a staff in her hand[75]. In the 'School Group' texts, Hugh's mother takes up a stick in order to beat her son for staying from home so long:

She put her mantle about her head,
Tuk a little rod in her han,
An she says, 'Sir Hugh, if I fin you here,
I will bate you for stayin so long.'
   S.H. 9 sta. 8.

This originally pathetic detail has been developed and exaggerated in many texts until the mother is characterized as a ferocious figure for fear of whose violent anger Hugh dare not enter the Jew's house [76]:

'I cannot go, I will not go,'
I cannot go at all.
For if my mamma she knew it,
The red blood she'd make fall. '
   S.H. 32 s t a . 4.

The u l t i m a t e development of this trend is that in some texts the mother herself becomes the murderess[77].

However, despite the e x p u l s i o n of the Jews from England in 1290 (they were o f f i c i a l l y readmitted only in 1664), with its consequence that many b a l l a d singers knew no Jews [78], r e f e r e n c e to a Jewish murderess is almost always preserved [79]: sad testimony that p r e j u d i c e l i v e s longer in popular culture than saints' legends[80].

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NOTES TO CHAPTER ELEVEN

1. There is no clear evidence for the view of J.R. Woodall, 'Sir Hugh: A Study in Balladry' in Southern Folklore Quarterly, XIX (1955), pp.77-84, on p.83, that "sex and consequent mystery make the ballad . . . called Sir Hugh".
2. I endorse fully Professor Child's view, E.S.P.B., I I I , p.241, that these accusations of child-murder and subsequent pogroms may .".with all moderation ... be rubricated as the most disgraceful chapter in the history of the human race".
3. See below. Appendix G, nos.53, 54, 60 and 135; texts of Sir Hugh used in this chapter are distinguished by their number in Appendix G.
4. S.H. 67 sta. 7.1-2.
5. Translated from the Greek by James i n A. Jessopp and M.R. James, The Life and Miracles of St. William of Norwich by Thomas of Monmouth, Cambridge, 1896, p . l x i i i.
6. Ibid. , p . l x i v.
7. Ibid. , p . l i i i .
8. Ibid., Bk.II, chapter x i , pp.93-94 (James's translation; my i t a l i c s ).
9. See C. Roth, 'The Feast of Purim and the Origins of the Blood Accusation' in Speculum, V I I I (1933) pp.520-526.
10. J. Trachtenberg, The Devil and the Jews, New Haven and London, 1943, pp. 128-130; see also H.L. Strack, The Jew and Human Sacrifice, translated by H. Blanchamp, London, 1909, pp. 279-280.
11. Ibid., pp.123-131; see also J. Jacobs, ' L i t t l e St. Hugh of Lincoln: Researches i n History, Archaeology and Legend' in Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England, I (1894), pp.89-135, on pp.93-94; an important b i b l i c a l text in this connection is Leviticus XVII.14.
12. For an account of how the Norwich incident influenced subsequent accusations see James in Life and Miracles of St. William of Norwich by Thomas of Monmouth, p.lxxvi.
13. For an account of English accusations of r i t u a l murder, see C. Roth, A History of the Jews in England, Oxford, 1941, pp.9-13, 55-57; for Continental accusations, see Strack, The Jew and Human Sacrifice, pp.178-193.
14. . C. Roth, The Ritual Murder Libel and the Jew: the Report by Cardinal Lorenzo Ganganelli (Pope Clement XIV), London, 1934, pp.83-84; Ganganelli's report came out in 1759.
15. See ibid. , pp.20-22 and Strack, The Jew and Human Sacrifice, pp.250-258 for an account of these papal bulls, with quotations.
16. See E.S.P.B., I I I , pp.242-243 and F.H. Ridley, 'A Tale Told Too Often' in Western Folklore., XXVI (1967), pp. 153-156, on p. 155.
17. Roth, History of the Jevws i n England, p.9, note 1.
18. Life and Miracles of St. William of Norwich by Thomas of Monmouth, II . x i , p.93.
19. Strack, The Jew and Human Sacrifice, pp.178-179, 239-241.
20. Ibid. , p.264; see also G.I. Langmuir, 'The Knight's Tale of Young Hugh of Lincoln' in Speculum, XLVII (1972), pp.459-482, on pp. 479-480.
21. Strack, The Jew and Human Sacrifice, pp.179-180, 277-278.
22. Roth, The Ritual Murder Libel and the Jew, p.97 (Appendix A).
23. Strack, The Jew and Human Sacrifice, pp.255-256.
24. Ibid. , pp.174-176, from Thomas Cantipratanus, Bonum Universale de Apibus, Bk. II , chapter xxix, para. 23, ed. G. Calvarenius ( i . e . Colvener), Douay, 1627, p.304f; on the date of t h i s work, written at the Dominican priory on the suburbs in Louvain, see Carleton Brown, A Study of the Miracle of Our Lady Told by Chaucer's Prioress (Chaucer Society Publications, second series, no.45), London, 1910, p.8.
25. See below, Appendix H, narrative features (13) and (14).
26. Matthaei Parisiensis Monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora, ed. H.R. Luard, 7 vols. ('Rolls Series'), London, 1872-1883, V,
pp.516-519; Annales Monastic!, ed. H.R. Luard, 5 vols. ('Rolls Series'), London, 1864-1869, I , pp.340-348, and II, pp.346-348.
the dates of these accounts, see the Key to Appendix H, below.
27. E.S.P.B., I I I , pp.235-237. It is not relevant to my purpose to discuss what may have happened in r e a l i t y to young Hugh of Lincoln. A speculative but quite plausible reconstruction of events is given by Jacobs, Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England, I , pp.110-114.
28. J.W.F. H i l l , Medieval Lincoln, Cambridge, 1948, pp.228-229.
29. The Anglo-French ballad i s printed i n stanzas by A.Hume, Sir Hugh of Lincoln, or an Examination of a Curious Tradition respecting the Jews, London, 1849, pp.43-54 and i n Jacobs, Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England, I , pp.125-130; it is printed without stanza divisions by J.O. H a l l i w e ll, Ballads and Poems respecting Hugh of Lincoln, Brixton Hall (privately printed), 1849, pp.1-16. The balladist mentions "le rei Henrie (qui Deu gard et tenge sa viel) " in stas. 13.1-2 and 17.1-2 and mentions the Dernestal, a d i strict of Lincoln, and Canewic H i l l , the place of execution, i n stas. 2.2 and 92.1,
For the i d e n t i t y of the ballad murderers, 'Peitevin' (sta. 2.3), 'Agim' sta. 24.3) and 'Jopin' (sta. 19.2 - perhaps 'Copin'), see Jacobs, op.eit., pp.99, 108 and 111.
30. Carleton Brown, 'The Prioress's Tale' i n W.F. Bryan and G. Dempster, ed.. Sources and Analogues of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, Chicago, 1941, pp.447-485, on pp.454-455. The archetype of 'Group A' probably predates 1200, whilst the earliest example of the 'C-group' (CI) may have been composed about 1215.
31. Brown, i b i d . , pp.455-457, thinks that the Norwich case affected the 'C-group'; M.H. Statler, 'The Analogues of Chaucer's Prioress' Tale; The Relation of Group C to Group A' i n P.M.L.A., LXV (1950), pp.896-910, suggests (p.899, note 8) that the Norwich case may also have influenced the 'A-group'.
32. Life and Miracles of St. William of Norwich by Thomas of Monmouth, I, vi , p.23 and I I . x i , p.94; Annales Monastici, I , p.341 (Burton): Paris, Chronica Majora, V, p.516; Chaucer, Works, ed. Robinson, 'Prioress' Tale' (group B2), lines *1748- *1756; Brown, Sources and Analogues, ed. Bryan and Dempster, pp.467 (CI), 475 (C8), 481 (CIO).
33. Life and Miracles of St. William of Norwich by Thomas of Monmouth, I I . x i , pp.93-94; Anglo-French Ballad, stas. 64 and 65 i n Hume, Sir Hugh of Lincoln, p.49.
34. Life and Miracles of St. William of Norwich by Thomas of Monmouth, I . v i, p.24: the Jews discuss but reject a 'jakes' as a hiding place in the Anglo-French ballad, stas. 40, 41 (Hume, Sir Hugh of Lincoln, p.47), Chaucer, Works, ed. Robinson, 'Prioress' Tale', lines *1762-*1763 and Brown, Sources and Analogues, ed. Bryan and Dempster, pp.467 (CI), 469 (C2), 470 (C4 and see C5, l i n e 48), 474 (C7),. 476 (C8), 478 (C9) and 482 (CIO). Brown, however, i b i d . , p.457 suggests that burial in a 'jakes' may be narrative coincidence.
35. Listed and summarised by Brown, Sources and Analogues, ed. Bryan and Dempster, pp.447-449.
36. Ibid., p.449.
37. Ibid., p.450 and 467-485; see also the Key to Appendix H, below.
38. Brown, Study of the Miracle of Our Lady, p.86.
39. Statler, P.M.L.A., LXV, pp.896-910.
40. Brown, Study of the Miracle of Our Lady, pp.70, 73; the texts derived from ur-Caesarius are A4 (Caesarius of Heisterbach, Libri VIII Miraculorum), A6 (Thomas Cantimpri, Bonum Universale de Apibus, I l . x x i x. 13 - see above, note 24) and A8 (from B r i t . Mus. Egerton MS. 1117, printed by Brown, op.cit., pp.5-6, 8 and 9-10 respectively).
41. Brown, Study of the Miracle of Our Lady, p.30, B9 (Jean Mielot, Miracles de-Nostre Dame, f i f t e e n t h century).
42. The legend i s preserved i n B r i t . Mus. Lansdowne MS. 387 of the f i f t e e n th century and summarised in Historia et Cartularium Monasterii Sancti ' ' Petri Gloucestriae, ed. W.H. Hart, 3 vols, ('Rolls Series'), London, 1863-1867, I , p p . l x v - l x v i i i (introduction).
43. E.g. text 5 contains features both of Group I (Mrs. Brown's Group) and Group II . i . (the Scottish and I r i s h School Group); text 10 contains features of Groups II.i. and group III , 'The Jew's Garden', particularly subgroups i and ii. A list of unexamined texts i s given at the end of Appendix G, below.
44. In some versions of 'The Jew's Garden', the murderer is a man, e.g. S.H. 49 sta. 2.4, group III. i , and S.H. 54 sta. 2.1, group III. i i . This is almost certainly mere corruption.
45. Ridley, Western Folklore, XXVI, p.154, somewhat f a n c i f u l l y suggests, following S.H. 5 sta. 9.3-4, that the Jew's daughter "serves him up something in the manner of a roast pig garnished with apples"; in some 'School Group' and 'Jew's Garden' texts the Jew's daughter stabs Hugh as if he were a sheep. This is probably mere adaptation of the swine comparison, but see below. Appendix H, narrative feature (15).
46. Child 120 A sta. 17.
47. See A Gest of Robyn Hode (Child 117) stas. 451-456. A version of the 'Gest' (b) was printed between 1492 and 1534 and the poem may well be a compilation of several fifteenth century ballads: see E.S.P.B., I I I , p.40.
48. Child 120 B sta. 7; however, the inner room was also part of the medieval legend of l i t t l e St. Hugh - see below. Appendix H, narrative feature (11).
49. H i l l , Medieval Lincoln, p.229 and note 4, citing a report by Smart Lethieullier in Archaeologia, I (1770), pp.28-29. Lethieullier was shown this headless statue in 1736 and a drawing of it is reproduced by Sir Charles Anderson, Lincoln Pocket Guide, 3rd ed., Lincoln, 1892, plate iv.
50. Compare Child 93 A stas. 19 and 21 with S.H. 55 sta. 5 and S.H. 57 sta. 7.
51. F. Hippensteel, 'Sir Hugh, the Hoosier Contribution to the Ballad' in Indiana Folklore, I I , no.2 (1969), pp. 75-140, on p.94.
52. For a diagram of the ballad's narrative development, see below.
Appendix J; see also Appendix H, narrative features (7), (10) and (13).
53. A^nother ballad of a murderess. Young Hunting (Child 68) appears to have been contaminated by Sir Hugh at several points: see Appendix H, narrative features (13), (18) and (19).
54. S.H. 1 sta. 15.3 and cf. texts 2 sta. 13.3, 3 sta. 16.3 ('birks of Mirryland toun') and 5 sta. 21.3.
55. The ball's passage through a window is absent from S.H. 2 (group I ) and is not a constant feature of group II.i: for example, S.H. 11 sta. 2 refers to broken windows but in S.H. 9 stas. 1 and 2 the Jew's daughter comes to watch the ball-game and invites Hugh in.
56. See below. Appendix H, narrative feature (8). Ball-playing, however, occurs in an early story of the child St. Cuthbert (S.E.L., I, pp.118-119, lines 1-26) and might possibly have been in the ur-ballad of Sir Hugh.
57. For group I , see above, note 54; in group I I . i the name is preserved only in 10 sta. 10.1, 12 sta. 1.1 and 23 sta. 1.1. Lincoln i s also a stock locality, probably borrowed from Sir Hugh, which occurs in several ballads, none older than the late eighteenth century: see below, Appendix H, narrative feature (1).
58. But cf. the opening of Henry Martyn (Child 250, A - D)
59. The earliest texts of the 'Merry Scotland' group ( I l l . i ) , S.H. 39 and 40, can be traced back to c.1810 or e a r l i e r , but at this date the 'Chicken' group (III. i i) had already developed (S.H. 53). Since the 'Chicken' group is later than group III.i - it keeps the 'Scotland' reference but has been contaminated further by Lamkin - it seems likely that the 'Jew's Garden' group had been derived from the 'School Group' well before 1800.
60. S.H. 41, a member of group I l l . i , mentions 'Lincoln' in sta. 1.1, but the contributor of this version acknowledged to Child that he might have confused his childish recollections with later forms of the ballad which he had read: E.S.P.B., I I I , p.254, note on L.a.
61. E.g. S.H. 1 sta. 1.3 ('sweet Sir Hugh'); 5 sta. 5.3 and 9 sta. 3.4 ('l i t t l e Sir Hugh'); 11 sta. 1.3 ( 'l i t t l e Harry Hughes'); 29 sta. 1.3 ('l i t t l e Son Hugh'). The epithet ' l i t t l e ' is a feature of the School Group (II.i and i i ) .
62. Cf. Chaucer's Prioress' exclamation, '0 yo.nge Hugh of Lincoln', Works, ed. Robinson, group B2, line *1874 (p.164). For St. Hugh the Bishop, see Penguin Dictionary of Saints-, pp. 175-176.
63. A.Thompson, ' L i t t l e Sir William - a Legend and A Song' in Tamlyn, A p r i l 1975, pp.10-11.
64. In S.H. 2 sta. 8.4 and 3 sta. 13.4, Hugh's mother is called 'Lady Helen' In r e a l i t y, Hugh's mother was called Beatrice: see Jacobs, Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England, I, p.123, extract from Henry III' s summons for t r i a l by jury at Lincoln, 7 January 1256. According to the annals of Burton (Annales Monastici, ed. Luard, I , p.340) Hugh's mother was a poor woman. Her change of social status in the ballad may have occurred at the same time that the Jews moved into the castle.
65. Loomis, White Magic, pp.23, 52 and 169 note 17.
66. S.H. 1 sta. 9.3.
67. S.H. 20 sta. 6.3.
68. See Appendix H, narrative feature (25).
69. The corpse's concern for a proper burial is noted also by Gerould, Ballad of Tradition, p.142.
70. See Appendix H, narrative feature (30); The Twa Brothers is consistently closer to Sir Hugh, since it contains the dying boy's request that he be buried in the churchyard (Child 49 A sta. 5), that he be buried with bow and arrow (D sta. 9) and with prayer-book (B sta. 6) and his concern to sleep soundly (F sta. 10).
71. Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, p.45.
72. See Appendix H, narrative features (6), (7) and (20).
73. Appendix H, narrative features (2) and (3).
74. . Appendix H, narrative features (23), (19) and (9).
75. Appendix H, narrative feature (21); S.H. 3 sta. 11 actually seems to refer to the Jew's daughter, but is plainly a corruption of the stanza, found in S.H. 1 sta. 11, 2 sta. 9 and 5 sta. 14, in which Hugh's mother dons her mantle to begin her search.
76. This excuse, found i n groups I I and I I I , is probably derived from Hugh's mother's warning not to associate with Jews, e.g. S.H. 39 sta. 4.
77. F.C. Stamper and W.H. Jansen, ' "Water Birch": an American Variant of "Hugh of Lincoln" ' in J.A.F., LXXI (1958) pp.16-22. Jansen points out (p.17) that the adaptation may have been prompted by the murderess' use in this text (S.H. 38) and other American variants (of group II.ii ) of the term ' l i t t l e son Hugh'. The mother is the murderess also in S.H. 34 and 56.
78. On the expulsion and later pattern of Jewish settlement see Roth, History of the Jews i n England, pp.57-59, 82-90, 92, 132, 139-140, 148, 228 note 1 and 239.
79. Some exceptions are S.H. 11 sta. 3.1 ("duke's daughter"); 66 sta. 3.1 ("jeweller's daughter") and 67 sta. 3.1 ("Gipsy lady").
80. Anti-Semitism was kept alive among those who knew no Jews mainly by gospel references such as Matt. XXVII.25 and Jn. VIII. 31-59.

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APPENDIX G- A CLASSIFIED LIST OF VARIANTS OF 'SIR HUGH' (CHILD 155)

Note that the description of textual f e a t u r e s in any group is general: no given text n e c e s s a r i l y exhibits all the f e a t u r e s noted. Trivial d i s t i n g u i s h i n g features are not noted.

I. Mrs. Brown's Group (M.B.)
   Major Distinctive Features of Group I

(a) References to 'merry L i n c o l n' are p r e s e r v e d, even if corrupted, e.g. S.H. 2 sta. 1.3, " M i r r y- l a n d toune".
(b) Sir Hugh kicks his b a l l through the Jew's window. e.g. S.H. 1 s t a. 2.
(c) Sir Hugh asks the Jew's daughter to throw back his ball, e.g. S.H. 3 s t a. 3.1-2.
(d) The Jew's daughter tempts Hugh with an apple p u l l e d from her father's garden, e.g. S.H. 5 sta.5.
(e)  The Jew's daughter prepares Hugh "like a swine" before she kills him, e.g. S.H. 4 s t a . 8.4.
(f) The texts contain a stanza d e s c r i p t i v e of Hugh's bleeding which begins "Then out and cam the thick , t h i c k , blood ", e.g. S.H. 3 s t a . 9.
(g) The Jew's daughter wraps Hugh's body in a "cake of l e a d" before t h r o w i n g him in a draw -well. e.g. S.H. 4 s t a . 9.
(h) Hugh's f a i l u r e to return home is mentioned in a stanza b e g i n n i n g "When bells were rung, and mass was sung", e.g. S.H. 1 s t a. 10.
(i) Hugh's mother dons a mantle when she goes to search for her son; e.g. S.H. 2 sta . 9.1.
(j) Hugh's mother usually visits the Jew's p r o p e r t y in the sequence 'castle . . . garden . . . well' , e.g. S.H. 3 stas. 12-14.
(k) Hugh speaks from the well, a s k i n g his mother  o prepare him a w i n d i n g sheet and p r o m i s i n g to meet her at the back of merry L i n c o l n , e.g. S.H. 5 s t a . 21 arid S.H. 6 s t a . 6 ( c o r r u p t ) .
( 1 ) All extant texts in this group are S c o t t i s h.

    Appendix G, group I Sources

S.H. 1: Child 155 A, from R. Jamieson, Popular Ballads and Songs from T r a d i t i o n, Manuscripts and Scarce E d i t i o n s , 2 v o l s . , Edinburgh, 1806, I , p . 1 5 1 ; 'Hugh o f L i n c o l n ' , taken down by Jamieson from the r e c i t a t i o n of Mrs. Brown o f F a l k l a n d (see above, Chapter One, n o t e 28); 17 s t a s., without tune.

S.H. 2: Child 155 B, from T. Percy, Reliques o f A n c i e n t E n g l i s h P o e t r y, 3 v o l s . , London, 1765, I , p.32; 'The Jew's Daughter', sent to Percy i n a MS. w i t h t h r e e o t h e r b a l l a d s ( C h i l d 13 B, 58 A and 73 A)
by John MacGowan from Edinburgh i n August 1763; a tune p r i n t ed with t h i s t e x t i n J. Johnson, The Scots Musical Museum, 6 v o l s ., Edinburgh, 1787-1803, V I , no.582 i s g i v e n as Bronson 155 n o . 1 ( t u n e group A.a.). 13 stas.

S.H. 3: Child 155 C, from Bishop Percy's papers; 'The Jew's Daughter', communicated to Percy by George Paton of Edinburgh in 1768 or 1769, and derived from a friend of Paton's; 17 stas., w i t h o u t tune.

S.H. 4: Child 155 D, from David Herd's MSS., I , p. 213 and ( s t a s . 7-10) I I , p.219 ( B r i t . Mus. A d d i t . MSS. 22311-22312, dated 1776); 'Sir Hugh'; 10 s t a s., without tune.

S.H. 5: Child 155 E, from W. M o t h e r w e l l , M i n s t r e l s y , Ancient and Modern, Glasgow, 1827, p.51; 'Sir Hugh, o r , the Jew's Daughter', from the r e c i tation of a lady ; 22 s t a s ., w i t h o u t tune; this text has the opening, the ' b u r i a l stanzas' and o t h e r f e a t u r e s o f the 'School Group', I I . i .

S.H. 6: Bronson 155 no.63, from the A r c h i v e , School of S c o t t i s h S t u d i e s, Edinburgh; also in Henderson and C o l l i n s o n, Scottish S t u d i e s , IX, n o . l , pp.27-29;  'Sir Hugh and the Jew's Daughter', c o l l e c t e d by
H.H. Henderson and t r a n s c r i b e d by F. M. C o l l i n s o n from the s i n g i ng of Mrs. Margaret Stewart, a s t r e e t - s i n g e r from North East Scotland (aunt o f the Aberdeen b a l l a d - s i n g e r , Jeannie Robertson), in July 1954; 6 s t a s . , w i t h tune (Bronson group K).

S.H. 7: Henderson, Tocher, XIX (Autumn, 1975), p.92; c o l l e c t e d by H. H. Henderson from the singing of James and G i l b e r t Laurenson of F e t l a r , Shetland, i n 1973; 3 s t a s ., with tune; garbled.

S.H. 8: M a c C o l l a n d Seeger, T r a v e l l e r s ' Songs, pp.86-88 (A); c o l l e c t ed from John MacDonald, a S c o t t i s h t r a v e l l e r ; 4 s t a s . , w i t h tune (c l a s s i f i e d by MacColl and Seeger as of the same f a m i l y as Bronson 236, 'A'-group); garbled.

Note: a text of 'Sir Hugh, or the Jew's Daughter' is printed by Alisoun Gardner-Medwin, 'Miss Reburn's B a l l a d s: a Nineteenth-Century Repertoire from I r e l a n d ' i n E. B. Lyle ed. Ballad S t u d i e s , (pp.93-116), on pp.109-111; from the F. J. C h i l d MSS., v o l . X V I I I (Harvard C o l l . L i b . MS. 25241.47F*), 'l e t t e r 6'; this t e x t , sent t o C h i l d  c. 1881 by Miss Margaret Reburn of Iowa, born in County Meath, I r e l a n d , has been r e j e c t e d from Appendix G as s p u r i o u s - it appears t o be based on S.H. texts 1 and 2, extensively r e w r i t t e n in a pseudo-medieval s t y l e , and was excluded by Child from E.S.P.B.; 13 s t a s., without tune.

_________________

II. The School Group

    II.i. The Scottish and Irish School Group (S.I.S.)
    Major Distinctive Features of Group II.i.

(a) The t e x t s may begin with a reference to Summer, e.g. S.H. 11 sta. 1.1,. " It was on a May, on a midsummer's day".
(b) Other texts begin with a reference to a holy day. e.g. S.H. 14 b sta . 1.1, "Yesterday was a high holiday."
(c ) Hugh and his companions are called school boys. e.g. S.H. 16 s t a . 1.3.
(d) Hugh is called " little", e.g. S.H. 9 sta. 7.4. Most Irish variants designate the boy "little Harry Hughes" or similar, e.g. S.H. 11 sta . 1.3.
(e) Sometimes a window is broken (e.g. S.H. 11 s t a . 2 ), sometimes not (e.g. 9 sta. 1), but the Jew's daughter usually initiates the conversation by inviting Hugh in. e.g. S.H. 18 sta . 2.
(f) Hugh protests, as in group I (e.g. S.H. 3 s t a . 4.3-4), t h a t he cannot enter without his playfellows (e.g. S.H. 11 sta. 4.1-2); usually he also intimates that his mother will be angry. e.g. S.H. 11 sta. 4.3-4; 19 sta. 2.5-6.
(g) In Irish texts , the Jew's daughter rolls the apple along the ground in order to tempt Hugh, e.g. S.H. 11 sta. 5.
(h) The account of the murder varies. The Jew's daughter's taunt as she throws him into the well is well preserved; usually the stanza begins, "Lie there, lie there", e.g. S.H. 11 sta. 10.
(i) Hugh's failure to return is mentioned in a stanza beginning, "The day passed by and the night came on, and every scholar was home, etc. " e.g. S.H. 11 sta. 11.
(j) Hugh's mother takes a stick with her to beat Hugh for staying away so long. e.g. S.H. 13 sta. 7; 10 sta. 10.
(k)  The boy in the well protests that he cannot speak to his mother because of the pen knife in his heart, e.g. S.H. 11 sta. 14, but cf. group I, S.H. 3 sta. 15, e t c.
(1) Hugh is concerned that he should be buried properly, e.g. that he should be buried in the churchyard (S.H. 9 s t a . 13.3-4) or have a bible at his head etc. (S.H. 11 s t a . 16). Often he leaves a message for his school friends; e.g. S.H. 9 sta. 12; 11 sta. 15.
(m) The most coherent texts in this group originate in Scotland or Ireland.

     Appendix G, group II. i. Sources

S.H.9; Child 155 F, from Hume, Sir Hugh of L i n c o l n , (1849), p.35; 'S i r Hugh o f L i n c o l n' , o b t a i n e d from r e c i t a t i o n in I r e l a n d ; (Hume, p. 5, first heard the song in boyhood); 14 stas., without tune.

S.H.10: Child 115 J. a. from Notes and Queries, 1st s e r i e s , XII (1855), p.496; 'The Ballad of Sir Hugh', p r i n t e d by B.H.C. from the manuscript of an old lacemaker in N o r t h a n t s . ; 13 s t a s . , w i t h o u t tune. b. from Notes and Q u e r i e s , 1st s e r i e s , V I I I (1853), p.614; 'The B a l l a d o f S i r Hugh', g i v e n by B.H.C. from memory; a p p a r e n t l y , "well-known i n N o r t h a n t s . " ; 6 s t a s . , w i t h o u t tune. This text e x h i b i t s the f e a t u r e s of s e v e r a l groups; see above, Chapter Eleven, note 43.

S.H.11: Child 155 N and Bronson 155 no.5, from W.W. Newell, Games and Songs of American Children (first printed 1883), pp. 76-78; also in Newell, J.F.S.S., IV, no. 14 (1910), p. 36 and Smith, Musical Quarterly, II (1916),. p.123 (A); 'Little Harry Hughes and the Duke's Daughter', collected by Newell from the singing of coloured c hildren in New York, who l e a r n e d it from a little girl, who learned it from her Irish mother; 16 stas., with tune (Bronson group A.b.).

S.H.12: C h i l d 155 Q, from M o t h e r w e l l ' s Notebook (see E.S.P.B., V, p.398), p.54; 'The Jew's Daughter', sung by Widow M i c h a e l, an o l d woman i n Barrhead, Ayrshire, S c o t l a n d, c. 1826- 1827; 2 opening stas., w i t h o u t tune.

S.H. 13: Child 155 R and Bronson 155 no.56, from Motherwell's Minstrelsy (1827), Appendix no.7, p . x v i i (one stanza w i t h t u n e ) ; the full text and t u n e is g i v e n in Lyle , Andrew Crawfurd's C o l l e c t i o n, no. 10, pp. 31- 33 ' ( a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n , p . x x x ) ; 'Sir Hew', c o l l e c t e d by Andrew Crawfurd and Andrew B l a i k i e from the s i n g i ng
o f Mary Macqueen o f Lochwinnoch, Renfrewshire, S c o t l a n d , in December 1826 (see above. Appendix F, n o t e on CM.8); 13 s t a s ., w i t h tune (Bronson group D ).

S.H. 14:   a. Ch i l d 155 T (E.S.P.B., V, p.241) and Bronson 155 no.24 from M.H. Mason, Nursery Rhymes (1877), pp.46-47; also in Broadwood and M a i t l a n d , E n g l i s h County Songs, p.86, a r b i t r a r i l y  assigned-tx) L i n c o l n s h i r e ; ' L i t t l e S i r W i l l i a m ', tune and words from t r a d i t i o n.
               b. Bronson 155 no.25 from Sharp MSS. 20B5/1946; also i n Sharp, C o l l e c t i o n , ed. K a r p e l e s, I , pp.154-155, no.31 (C) ; c o l l e c t ed by Sharp from the s i n g i n g of S i s t e r Emma, aged 71, a t Clewer, Berkshire on 27 February, 1909.
               c. unpublished: see R.V.W. L i b r a r y, G i l c h r i s t MSS. G.211 no. 42 (words) and G230 B, p..55 ( t u n e ) ; ' L i t t l e Sir W i l l i a m ', a t t r i b u t e d to "Mrs. Ludlow from Miss Blyth. "

          All variants (14 a, b, c) have 7 stas. and a similar tune (Bronson group C).

S.H.15; Bronson 155 no.4, from Sharp MSS. 701/787; also i n Sharp, J.F.S.S., V, no. 20 (1916) p.255 and Sharp, C o l l e c t i o n, ed. Karpeles, I . pp.152-153, no.31 ( A ) , ' L i t t l e S i r Hugh', c o l l e c t e d by Sharp from the s i n g i n g of Mrs. Joseph Ree, Hambridge, Somerset, 26 December 1905; 9 s t a s . , w i t h tune (Bronson group A.b.); this text has some f e a t u r e s of group III.i.

S.H.16: Bronson 155 no.7, from Hubbard and Robertson, J.A.F. LXIV (1951), pp.47-48; also in L.A. Hubbard, Ballads and Songs from Utah, Salt Lake C ity, 1961, p.24; 'Little Saloo', sung by Mrs. Mabel J. Overson; learned long before from Mrs. Anna McKellar, Leamington, Utah. 7 s t a s ., with tune (Bronson group A.b.); in this version, 'Saloo' is murdered by his aunt.

S.H.17: Bronson 155 no.57, from the A r c h i v e , School o f S c o t t i s h S t u d i e s, Edinburgh (tune o n l y ) ; full text with tune in Henderson and C o l l i n s o n. S c o t t i s h Studies IX, pp.29-31 (B); ' L i t t l e S i r Hugh', c o l l e c t e d by H. H. Henderson and t r a n s c r i b e d by F.M. C o l l i n s o n from the singing of Donald Whyte, a 77 year old t i n k e r from
H u n t l y , N o r t h East S c o t l a n d , i n 1961; Whyte l e a r n e d i t when he was e i g h t or n i n e years o f age; 7 s t a s . , w i t h tune (Bronson group E).

S.H.18: Bronson 155 no.60, from J. Joyce, Ulysses, New York, 1934, p.675; 'Little Harry Hughes'; 5 stas., with tune (Bronson group H).

S.H. 19.: Bronson 155 no. 65, from P. Barry, Bulletin of the Folk Song Society of the North. East no.5 (1933), p.7; also in Flanders, Ballard, Brown and Barry, New Green Mountain Songster, p. 254 and in F l a n d e rs, Anc. Ballads, III. p. 124; 'Sir Hugh' or 'The Jew's Daughter', recorded and t r a n s c r i bed by George Brown from the singing of Josiah S. Kennison of Townshend, Vermont (at Cambridge. Mass.) on 6 April 1932; 6 stas., with tune (Bronson group M); garbled.

S.H.20: Bronson 155 no.66, from Flanders and Olney, Ballads Migrant in New England, p.30; also in Flanders, Anc. Ballads, III , p.121; 'Little Harry Huston', collected by H. Flanders from the singing of Mrs. John Fairbanks, North Springfield, Vermont, in 1939; Mrs. Fairbanks learned it from her mother, Margaret Kelley, of County Limerick, Ireland, who learned it from her family; 12 stas., with tune (Bronson group M).

S.H.21: unpublished: see R.V.W. Library, Gardiner MSS. H.336; 'Sir Hugh', collected by George B. G a r d i n e r from George Blake, aged 79, i n Southampton, November 1907; 4 s t a s . ; tune a p p a r e n t ly lost.

S.H.22: Reeves, E v e r l a s t i n g C i r c l e , pp. 244-245 ( s i n g e r ' s name wrongly spelt as ' P i k s e t t ' ) ; see R.V.W. L i b r a r y , Gardiner MSS. H.842; ' S i r Hugh', sung by James P i k e , aged 85, i n Portsmouth Workhouse, August 1907;
8 s t a s . , tune a p p a r e n t l y l o s t ; the t e x t e x h i b i t s some f e a t u r e s o f group III. i.

S.H.23: Scarborough, Song Catcher, pp.173-174; a version sent to Scarborough through Mrs. Rachel Slocumb, from Mrs. Charity Lovingood of Murphy, N.C; 9 stas., without tune; the text exhibits some features of group III. i.

S.H.23*: (added a f t e r the completion of Chapter Eleven); Shields, F o l k L i f e , X (1972), pp.98-100; ' L i t t l e S i r Hugh', recorded by Hugh S h i e l d s from the s i n g i n g o f John Byrne, a farmer in his s i x t i e s , a t M a l i n Beg, Co. Donegal, E i r e , on 5 September 1968 ( u l s t e r F o l k Museum, C u l t r a , Co. Down, Tape 68/26); 14 s t a s ., w i t h tune; o l d , c o h e r e n t t e x t - Hugh's mother is c a l l e d 'Lady Annsbel' ( s t a . 8.4).

 II. ii. The American School Group (A.S.)
     Major Distinctive Features of Group II.ii.

(a) These variants open with references to a holy day (sometimes garbled) and to dew drops falling, e.g. S.H. 31 sta. 1.
(b) The Jew's daughter appears with apples in her hand and calls Hugh, "my little son Hugh", e.g. S.H. 29 sta. 1.
(c) Hugh declines the Jew's daughter's invitation on the grounds that if his mother knew, she would make his red blood fall, e.g. S.H. 32 sta. 4.
(d) After leading Hugh to a room where no-one can hear him call (e.g. S.H. 32. sta. 5) the Jew's daughter kills him by seating him in a chair, piercing him with a pin, and catching his blood in a silver basin , e.g. 32 sta. 6.
(e) The Jew's daughter's taunt begins, "Sink, O sink ", e.g. S.H. 27 sta. 5.
(f) The mother's stick, with which she sets out to beat her son home - see group II. i, feature (j)- is a birch-rod. e.g. S.H. 29 sta. 7.1.
(g) Hugh's instructions for burial are much as in group II. i, feature (1).
(h) Most variants in this group come from states lying beside the Appalachian mountains, especially Kentucky and Tennessee.

Appendix G, group II. ii Sources

S.H. 24: a. Bronson 155 no. 8, from Sharp MSS. 3866/.; also in Sharp and Karpeles, English F o l k Songs from the Southern Appalachians, I , p.229 (I); 'Little Sir Hugh', collected from the singing of Mrs. Nancy Alice Hensley, Oneida, Clay County, Ky., in 1917; 1st sta. only, with tune (Bronson group A.b.).
            b. Bronson 155 no. 14, from Sharp MSS. 3867/.; also in Sharp and Karpeles, English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians, I , p.229 (H); 'Little Sir Hugh', sung by Mrs. Sophie Annie Hensley, Oneida, Clay County, Ky., in 1917; 1st sta . only (identical with a.), with a similar tune (Bronson group A.c.).

S.H. 25: a. Bronson 155 no. 9, from LC/AAFS recording no. 4987; ' 'Twas on a Cold and Winter ' s Day', collected by Robert F. Draves from Mrs. Pearl Jacobs Borusky, Pearson, Wisconsin in 1941; Mrs. Borusky learned it from her mother, Mrs. Jacobs, who learned it from William Hagerman of West Virginia ; 12 stas., with tune (Bronson group A.b.)
            b. Treat, J.A.F., LII (1939), p.434, no. 45; collected by Asher E. Treat from the same singer, 15 July 1938; text and tune virtually identical with a.

S.H. 26: a. Bronson 155 no.10. a, from Sharp MSS. 4266/3066; also in Sharp and Karpeles, English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians, I, p. 227 (F) ; 'Sir Hugh', sing by Mr. Dol Small of Nellysford, Va., 22 May 1918. 9 stas., with tune (Bronson group A.b.).
           b. Bronson 155 no. 10. b. from LC/AAFS recording no. 10.003 (A1) collected by M. Karpeles and Sidney Robertson Cowell from the same singer (aged 81) on 10 September 1950; text and tune virtually identical with a.

S.H.27: Bronson 155 no.15, from Sharp MSS. 3839/2811; also in Sharp and Karpeles, English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians, I, p.226 (E); 'Sir Hugh', sung by Ben J. Finlay, Manchester, Ky., on 10 August 1917; 6 stas., with tune (Bronspn group A.c.).

S.H.28: Bronson 155 no.16, from Sharp MSS. 3896/2840; also in Sharp and Karpeles. English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians, I , p.228 (G); 'Sir Hugh', sung by Mrs. Dan Bishop, Teges, Clay County, Ky. on 21 August 1917; 5 stas., with tune (Bronson group A.c.)

S.H.29: Bronson 155 no. 17, from Sharp MSS. 3943/2852; also in Sharp and Karpeles, English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians, I , p.299 (J) ; 'Sir Hugh', sung by Mrs. Berry Creech, Pine Mountain, Harlan County, Ky. on 29 August 1917; 10 stas., with tune (Bronson group A.d.).

S.H.30: Bronson 155 no.19, from Sharp MSS. 3579/.; 'Sir Hugh', sung by Miss Julia Maples. Sevier County. Tenn. on 19 April 1917; one (burial) sta. with tune (Bronson group A.d.)

S.H..31: Bronson 155 no.20, from Sharp MSS. 3583/2645; also in Sharp and Karpeles, English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians. I , p. 222 (B); 'Sir Hugh', sung by Luther Campbell. Bird's Creek, Sevier County. Tenn. on 19 April 1917; 8 stas., with tune (Bronson group A.d.).

S.H.32:- Bronson .155 no.21. from Sharp MSS. 3585/2648; also in Sharp and Karpeles, English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians, I , p.223 (C); 'Sir Hugh', sung by W.M. Maples, Sevier County, Tenn. on 20 April 1917; 12 stas., with tune (Bronson group A.d.).

S.H.33: Bronson 155 no.22, from Sharp MSS. 3509/2592; also in Sharp and Karpeles, English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians, I , p.222 (A) ; 'Sir Hugh', sung by Mrs. Swan Sawyer, Black Mountain, N.C. on 19 September 1916; 3 stas., with tune, (Bronson group A. d.).

S.H.34: Bronson 155 no.23, from Sharp MSS. 3655/2719; also in Sharp and Karpeles, English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians, I , p.225 (D); 'Sir Hugh', sung by Mrs. Mollie Broghton, Barbourville, Knox County, Ky. on 7 May 1917; 6 stas., with tune, (Bronson group A.d.).

S.H.35: Burton and Manning, East Tennessee State University Collection, pp.1-2; 'Little Son Hugh', sung by Mrs. Audrey McGuire in 1964; Mrs. McGuire, born in Watauga County, N.C. in 1884, learned most of her songs from her mother when she was a child; 9 stas., with tune (not in Trad. Tunes, but of Bronson type A.d.).

S.H. 36: B. G. Lumpkin, N.C. Folklore, XLVII, no. 2 (1969), pp. 59-60; 'Sonny Hugh', collected by Lumpkin in September 1951 from the singing of Mrs. Pearl Hartsell of Chapel Hill, N.C., who learned her songs c.1915 from her mother, Mrs. H. Connell and her grandmother, Mrs. J. Taylor Burris, of Stanly County, N.C.; 11 stas., with tune.

S.H. 37: unpublished: see R.V.W. Library, Sharp MSS. /2788-2789; "from Professor Raine's collection; he took down the words only of the ballad from Mrs. Lucy Banks, late of Paint Lick, Ky."; 12 stas., without tune.

S.H. 38: Stamper and Jansen, J.A.F., LXXI (1958), pp.16-17; 'Water Birch', collected by F. Stamper from an unspecified singer of Littcarr, Knott County, Ky. on 30 December 1955; 14 stas., without tune; in this variant, Hugh's mother is the murderess.

III. 'The Jew's Garden'
     III.i. The Merry Scotland Group (J.G.S.)

Major D i s t i n c t i v e Features o f Group III.i.

(a) Variants usually begin "It rains, it hails in merry Scotland" etc. e.g. 46 s t a . 1.1.
(b) Nevertheless, no t e x t i n t h i s group can be demonstrated to
be S c o t t i s h . (The centre of the group seems t o be Southern
England, but see S.H.39.a., note).
(c) Hugh i s n o t named.
(d) Most v a r i a n t s do not contain any reference to the scene i n
which Hugh's mother speaks w i t h the corpse i n the w e l l.
An exception i s S.H.39.a. sta. 9.
(e) The broken v;indow i s not mentioned. The boys toss the b a l l
high and lov/, and then i n t o the Jew's garden, e-g. S.H.40 sta. 2.
( f ) Hugh's excuse f o r not e n t e r i n g the Jew's house i s as i n group I I . i . ,
feature ( f ) : he intimates that his mother would be angry, should
he leave his playmates, e.g. S.H.50 stas., 3, 4.
405
Appendix G, group I l l . i . (cont'd)
(g) The Jew's daughter tempts the boy i n w i t h a n apple, a gold r i n g,
and a: cherry. e.g. S.H.45 sta. 3.
(h) The Jew's daughter feeds the boy sugar sweet, then stabs him
l i k e a sheep, e.g. S.H.46 sta. 6.
( i ) As the f i n d i n g i n the w e l l has dropped out, the boy's b u r i al
i n s t r u c t i o n s appear to be addressed t o the Jew's daughter,
who sometimes actually c a r r i e s them out., e.g. S.H.40 sta. 5.3-6.
S.H.39: Child 155 G.
a. 'The Jew's Daughter', w r i t t e n down by Mrs. Dulany, 14 January
1885, from the r e c i t a t i o n of her mother, Mrs. Nourse, aged
above 90, as learned when a c h i l d i n Philadelphia; 9 stas.,
without tune; this t e x t , as v / r i t t e n dovm, has some Scottish
features, e.g. "ba"' and " I winna come i n " , stas. 1.4 and 4.1.
b. another v a r i a n t from Mrs. Nourse, w r i t t e n down some years
e a r l i e r by Miss Ferine of Baltimore; 10 stas., without tune.
S.H.40: Child 155 I , from Sir Egerton Brydges, R e s t i t u t a , v o l . 1 , London,
1814, p.381, "obtained some years since" from.the r e c i t a t i o n of an
aged lady; 5 stas., without tune.
S.H.41: Child 155 L.
a. from a l e t t e r w r i t t e n by the Rev. E. Venables, Precentor of
Lincoln,.24 January 1885, as sung t o him nearly 60 years
before by a nursemaid; a Buckinghamshire version; 7 stas.,
without tune.
b. from E. Venables, A Walk through Lincoln Minster, Lincoln,
1884, pp.40-41; Venables used to hear t h i s Bucks, version
as a c h i l d ; 8 stas. , v/ithout tune.
Both v a r i a n t s display features of group I , but see above, Chapter
Eleven, note 60.
S.H.42: Child 155 M, from F.H. Groome, I n Gipsy Tents, pp.145-146;
. " f i r s t heard at Shepherd's Bush, i n 1872, from l i t t l e Amy North ... •
f a m i l i a r to most London gipsies"; 6 stas., without tune.
S.H.43: Child 155 0, from G.A. Sala, I l l u s t r a t e d London News, 21 October 1882,
LXXXI, p.415, repeated i n L i v i n g London, 1883, p.465; heard from
a nurse i n childhood; 5 stas., without tune.
S.H.44: Child 155 P, from H a l l i w e l l , Ballads and Poems' respecting Hugh of
Lincoln,. p.37; communicated by Miss Agnes S t r i c k l a n d , from oral
t r a d i t i o n at Godalming, Surrey; 2 stas., without tune.
S.H.45: Child 155 U, (E.S.P.B., V, p.241), from Notes and Queries, 8 th
s e r i e s , I I (1892), pp.43-44; 'The Jew's Daughter', communicated
by Mr. C.W. Penny, as repeated t o h i s brother, the Vicar of
Stixwould, Lines, by one o f the o l d e s t women i n the p a r i s h ; "a
song sung by h i s nurse t o a Lincolnshire gentleman, now over 60
years of age"; 4 stas. , without tune.
405
Appendix G, group I l l . i . (cont'd)
S.H.46: Bronson 155 no.2, from Creighton, Songs and Ballads from Nova
Scotia, pp.16-17; 'Sir Hugh, or the Jew's Daughter', sung by
Mrs. William McNab (n.d.) of H a l i f a x , Nova Scotia; 7 stas., with
tune (Bronson group A.a.).
S.H.47: Bronson 155 no.13, from Arkwright,.J.F.S.S., I , no.5 (1904), p.264;
'Christmas Carol', sung by children from Ecchinswell, Hants,
and noted by Miss Arkwright at Adbury, Nev/bury, Berks, i n 1900;
6 stas. , viith tune (Bronson group A.c.).
S.H.48: a. Bronson 155 no.27, from Krehbiel, New York Tribune,
17 August 1902, P t . I I , p.2, col.3; 'The Jew's Daughter',
from a spinster of Waterbury, Conn., some years previously,
who had learned i t from her mother; 8 stas., with tune
(Bronson group B).
b. Tplman, J.A.F., XXIX (1916), p.166; contributed by
G.L. K ( i t t r e d g e ) ; 'The Jew's Maiden', sent i n March 1914
by Mr. S.M. Clement, who took i t down from the singing of
Ludlow S. B u l l at Yale i n 1907; Bull learned i t i n h is
childhood from his mother, who learned i t from her ovm
mother; the family came from Conn.; 8 stas., ( v i r t u a l ly
i d e n t i c a l with a.), without tune.
S.H.49: Bronson 155 no.55, from Caedmon Record no. TC 1146 (A5); also
i n Sloeombe, J.E.F.D.S.S., V I I , no.2 (1953), p.102; 'The Jew's
Garden', c o l l e c t e d by Peter Kennedy and Alan Lomax and recorded
by Marie Slocombe from the singing of C e c i l i a Costello of
Birmingham, aged 65, c.1953; Mrs. Costello learned most of her
t r a d i t i o n a l songs from her father, from Co. Roscommon, Ireland;
4 stas., w i t h tune (Bronson group C).
S.H.50: Bronson 155 no.64, from LC/AAFS recording no.11,903 ( B l ) ; also in
P a r l e r , Arkansas B a l l e t Book, p.35; 'The Jew's Garden', collected
by Max Hunter (?) from the singing of Mrs. A l l i e Long Parker,
near Eureka Springs, Ark., i n September, 1958; 8 stas., with tune
(Bronson group L)• .
S.H.SO'^: (added a f t e r the completion o f Chapter Eleven): Hudson, Folk
Songs of Miss., no.19, pp.116-117; also Hudson, J.A.F. XXXIX
(1926), pp.108-109; 'The Jew's Garden', sent to Hudson by
Mrs. Mims Williams, Magee, Miss., v/ho obtained i t from the singing
of Mrs. Belle Holt Hubbard, Terry, Miss., aged 79, v/ho learned i t
in.childhood at Woodville, Wilkinson County, Miss.; 6 stas.,
without tune; the v a r i a n t has been remodelled and begins ' I t rains,
i t rains on London lanes'.
S.H.51: MacColl and Seeger, T r a v e l l e r s ' Songs, p.88 (B): 'The Jew's
Garden', t e x t r e c i t e d and tune l i l t e d by Caroline Hughes
(English gypsy, Dorset); 3 stas. and prose a d d i t i o n , w i t h tune
(assigned by MacColl and Seeger to Bronson group A.b.).

    III. ii. The Chicken Group (J.G.C.)
    Major D i s t i n c t i v e Features of Group III. ii.
    as above, group III. i.; in addi t i o n:

(j) Prior to his murder, the Jew's daughter leads Hugh through a kitchen, where he sees his nurse, mother or sister preparing
a chicken. e.g. S.H. 53 sta. 6.
(k) The murder stanza often includes a reference to a basin for catching blood, e.g. S.H. 52 sta. 6.
(l) In a d d i t i o n , there is sometimes a reference to scouring or cleaning a basin, e.g. S.H. 57 sta. 7.
(m) The boy pleads with the murderess (who is sometimes his nurse, mother, etc.) to spare his life: if he is allowed to live till he is a man, he will repay her. e.g. S.H. 56 s t a . 6.

    Appendix G, group III. ii. Texts
S.H. 52-: Child 155 H, 'The Jew's Daughter', communicated by Miss Ferine of Baltimore, Md., as sung by her mother c.1825; 7 stas., without tune.
S.H. 53: Child 155 K. from Notes and Queries, 1st series, IX (1854), p.320; also in Burne, Shropshire Folklore, I I , p.539; 'Shropshire Ballad', taken down by S.P.Q. from the r e c i t a t i o n of a nurse-maid i n Salop., C.1810; 7 stas., without tune.
S.H.54: Child 155 S (E.S.P.B., IV, pp.497-498); w r i t t e n down i n A p r i l , 1891, by Mrs. W.H. G i l l of Sidcup, Kent, as r e c i t e d to her i n childhood by a maidservant i n London; 8 stas., without tune.
S.H.55: Bronson 155 no.3, from Davis, Trad. Ballads of Va., pp.406 and. 588 (E) also in Scarborough, On the T r a i l of Negro Folk Songs, pp.53-54 and Scarborough, Song Catcher, pp.172 and 403; 'A L i t t l e Boy Threw His Ball so High', contributed on 11 A p r i l 1921 by Mrs. L.R. Dashiell of Richmond, Va., as sung by h e r s e l f ; 7 stas., with tune (Bronson
group A.a.).
S.H.56: Bronson 155 no.26, from Sharp MSS. 1232/1200; also i n Sharp, J.F.S.S., V, no.20 (1916), p.254 (2) and in.Sharp, Collection, ed. Karpeles, I , pp.155-156, no.31 D; ' L i t t l e Sir Hugh', sung by James Chedgey, aged 51, at Bincombe-over Stowey, Somerset on 23 January 1907; 8 stas., with tune (Bronson group B).
S.H..57: Bronson 155 no.61, from Korson, Pennsylvanian Songs, p.36; 'Fair Scotland', recorded by Samuel P. Bayard from the singing of Ferry Gump of Greene County, Pa. i n 1929; 8 stas., with tune (Bronson group I).
S.H.58; Brewster, Ballads and Songs of Ind . , pp.128-129 (A); collected by Mrs. Kate Milner Rabb from Mrs. Frances Schmidlap Wands, nee Taylor, of Marion County, Ind. on 26 February 1936; a l u l l a b y sung i n the Taylor family f o r generations; 11 stas., without tune.
S.H. 59:   a. Davis, Trad. Ballads of Va., pp.405-406 (D); 'Sir Hugh, or the Jew's Daughter', contributed by Miss Evelyn Purcell
of Schuyler, Nelson County, Va., 20 November 1913; the song can be traced back to the time of Miss Purcell's greatgrandfather; 10 stas., without tune.
              b. Davis, More Trad. Ballads of Va., p.234 (CC); ' L i t t l e Boy and the B a l l ' , contributed by Miss Margaret Purcell as sung by her mother, Elizabeth Ashton Garrett Purcell i n Greenwood, Va., i n the e a r l y 1890s; tune noted by Winston Wilkinson; 10 stas. , almost as 'a'; with tune ( c l a s s i f i e d by Bronson as group I).

S.H.60: Smith, U n i v e r s i t y of V i r g i n i a Magazine, Dec. 1912, pp.114-115; also in Smith, Musical Quarterly, I I (1916), p.124, in Pound, American Ballads and Songs, p.15, no.5 (B), and in Scarborough, On the T r a i l of Negro Folk Songs, p.54; collected by C. Alphonso Smith from George Piatt Waller Jr. , who learned it c.1897 from his negro nurse, Dinah Scott Talliaferro, 15 miles from Montgomery, Ala.; 5 stas., without tune; garbled.

    III. iii. 'The Queen's Garden'
    Major D i s t i n c t i v e Features of Group III. iii .
     See above, group I l l . i . , features ( c ) , ( d ) , ( e ) , (h) and ( i ) ; i n a d d i t i o n:

(n) The opening stanza of v a r i a n t s in this group refers to a little school boy who bounces his ball high into a (queen's) garden, where lilies and roses lie. e.g. S.H. 63 and 64. [no "o" given]
(p) The Jew's daughter requests her servants to carry Hugh to the well. e.g. S.H. 61 s t a . 3.
(q) Some servants take the boy by his head, and some by the feet, in order to throw him in the well. e.g. S.H. 63 s t a . 6.
(r) Several members of this group, e.g. S.H. 61, 64 and 65 were sung by negroes.

Appendix G, group III. i i i Sources
S.H.61: Bronson 155 no.6, from Davis, Trad. Ballads of Va., pp.411 and 589 ( I ) ; also i n Smith, Musical Quarterly, I I , p,123 (B); 'Sir Hugh' or ' L i t t l e Harry Hughes', sung by Miss Charlotte Rodi, near Rustburg, Va.; learned i n childhood from poor white tenants and negroes on her f a t h e r ' s farm; contributed by Miss Juliet Fauntleroy on 1 March 1914; 5 stas., with tune (Bronson group A.b.)
S.H.62; Bronson 155 no.18, from Sharp MSS. 4749/3308; 'Sir Hugh', sung by Mrs. J u l i a Boone, M i c a h v i l l e , Yancey County, N.C.; on 3 October 1918; 3 stas., w i t h tune (Bronson group A.d.).
S.H.63: Davis, Trad. Ballads of Va., pp.411-412 ( J ) ; 'The L i t t l e School Boy', collected by J u l i e t Fauntleroy from the singing of Miss Charlotte Rode and Mrs. Hattie Schafer, near A l t a v i s t a, Campbell County, Va., on 29 July 1914; 7 stas., without tune.
S.H. 64: Lomax, Folk Songs of North America, p.511, no.273, 'The Queen's Garden', from the Bahamas (p.496); no f u r t h e r d e t a i l s ; 5 stas., w i t h tune.
S.H. 65: Parsons, J.A.F., XLI (1928), p.470, 'Ballad', from the Bahamas, c.1926; no f u r t h e r d e t a i l s ; 8 stas., without tune; garbled.

   III. iv. 'It Rained a Mist'
   Major Distinctive Features of group III. iv.
   See above, group III.i., features ( c ) , ( d ) , ( e ) , ( g ) , and ( i ) and group III. i i , features ( k ) , ( 1 ) , and (m); quite frequently however, features (1) and (m) have dropped out of these v a r i a n t s; in a d d i t i o n:

(s) Most variants in t h i s group begin 'It rained a mist, it rained a mist', e.g. S.H. 69; some begin 'It rained all day, it rained
all night', e.g. S.H. 95. Opening l i n e s other than ' It rained a mist' etc. are noted below.
(t) No-one dares to go i n t o the Jew's garden, e.g. S.H. 72 sta. 2.4.
(u) Hugh's reason f o r not wishing to enter the Jew's house is that he has heard that those who go in never come out again,
e.g. S.H. 75 sta. 4.
(v) Almost all variants in t h i s group are American; but see S.H. 90a and b.
(w) All v a r i a n t s w i t h tunes belong t o Bronson group C, unless otherwise stated.

S.H.66: a. Bronson 155 no.11 from A.C. Morris, Folk Songs of Fla., p.302; also Morris, S.F.Q., V I I I , no.2 (1944),.pp.154-155; 'The Jeweler's Daughter', sung by Mrs. G.A. Griffin of Newberry, F l a .; learned from her f a t h e r , of Georgia. 8 stas., w i t h tune (Bronson group A.b.); begins " It rains, it pours, it ra i n s, it pours."
            b. K i l l i o n and Walker, Treasury of Ga. Folklore, pp.258-259; 'The Jeweler's Daughter', c o l l e c t e d i n Georgia by fieldworkers from a Works Progress Administration Project, 1935-1941; 7 stas., as 'a' but omits 'a', s t a . 3; without tune.

S.H.67: Bronson 155 no.12, from Nelson and Touchstone (Nelstone's Hawaiians), V i c t o r Record no. V-40193 (B); also on Folkways LP Record no. FP 251 (A3), ed. Harry Smith; 'Fatal Flower Garden'; 9 stas., w i t h tune (Bronson group A.b.); begins, "It rained, it poured, it rained so hard"; cf. above, S.H. 66.

S.H.68: Bronson 155 no.28, from Rinker, J.A.F., XXXIX (1926), p.213; 'The Jew's Daughter', sung by Mrs. Samantha E. Rinker,
Huntingdon County, Pa., learned from her mother, c.1872; 7 stas., with tune, begins, 'It rained, it hailed, it snowed, it blowed'.

S.H.69: Bronson 155 no.29, from LC/AAFS recording no.1609 (A2); 'The Jew's
Daughter', c o l l e c t e d by Alan and Elizabeth Lomax from Captain
Pearl R. Nye o f Akron, Ohio i n 1937; 4 stas., w i t h tune.
S.H.70: Bronson 155 no.30, from McCraw, N.C. Folklore, V I I (1959), p.35;
sung by Miss Irene Rush, Burlington, N.C.; learned from her
mother, who had learned i t from her own mother during childhood i n
C a r r o l l County, Va.; 10 stas., w i t h tune.
S.H.71: Bronson 155 no.31, from LC/AAFS recording nos. 12,004 (B21) -
12,005 ( A l ) ; ' L i t t l e S i r Hugh', c o l l e c t e d by George Foss from
Florence S h i f l e t t , Wyatt's Mountain, near Dyke, Va., on
5 June 1962; 6 stas., w i t h tune.
S.H.72: Bronson 155 no.32, from LC/AAFS recording no.9980 (A3); 'Sir Hugh',
c o l l e c t e d by MacEdward Leach and Horace P. Beck from Romney Pullen,
S p e r r y v i l l e , Va.; 2 stas., w i t h tune.
S.H.73: Bronson 155 no.33, from LC/AAFS recording no. 11,453 (A15);
' I t Rained a Mist', c o l l e c t e d by Anne Grimes from Mrs. Bertha
Basham Wright, Franklin County, Ohio; 9 stas., w i t h tune.

S.H.74: a. Bronson 155 no.34, from Davis, Trad. Ballads of Va., pp. 407 and 589 ( F ); 'It Rained a Mist', collected by J u l i et
Fauntleroy from Jesse Burgess o f A l t a v i s t a , Va.; contributed 30 A p r i l 1915; 9 stas., w i t h tune.
           b. Davis, Trad. Ballads of Va., p.407: variant readings from Mrs. Sinai Thomas (nee Sales) or Wilkes County, N.C.;
1 sta. and other phrases.
           c. ibid. , p.407: variant readings from Edgar Thomas, son of Mrs. Sinai Thomas.

S.H.75: Bronson 155 no.35; from P r e s t i g e - I n t e r n a t i o n a l Record no. INT-DS 25003 (A7); ' I t Rained a Mist', recorded by Alan Lomax from the singing of Mrs. O l l i e G i l b e r t (n.d.); 9 stas., w i t h tune.

S.H.76: Bronson 155 no.36, from Winston Wilkinson MSS., 1935-1936, (U n i v e r s i t y of Va.), p.78; 'Sir Hugh, or The Jew's Daughter', sung by Miss J u l i a Coleman, Richmond, Va.; 6 stas., with tune.

S.H.77: Bronson 155 no.37, from Krehbiel, New York Tribune, 17 August 1902, Pt. II , p.2, c o l . 2 ; see also J.A.F., VI (1902), pp. 195-196; singer not i d e n t i f i e d ; 'The Jew's Daughter', sung by Clyde Fitch, learned from his mother, who had it from her mother during childhood in Hagerstown, Md.; 10.stas., with tune.

S.H.78: Bronson 155 no.38, from Randolph, Ozark Folk Songs, I , p.149 (A); 'The Jew's Garden', sung by Mrs. Guy Bosserman, Pineville, Mo., 17 October 1927; 8 stas., w i t h tune.

S.H.79: Bronson 155 no.39, from Davis, Trad. Ballads of Va., pp. 401-402 and 587 (A); also in Smith, Musical Quarterly, II , p.124 (C); 'The Jew's Daughter', contributed by Martha M. Davis, Harrisonburg, Va., 26 A p r i l 1913; 10 stas., w i t h tune.

S.H.80: Bronson 155 no. 40, from LC/AAFS recording no. 5228 (B2); 'Jewish Lady', c o l l e c t e d by Alan Lomax from Mrs. Crockatt Ward, Galax, Va., 1941; 8 stas., with tune.

S.H.81: Bronson 155 no.41, from LC/AAFS recording no. 12,006 (B2); 'Little S i r Hugh', c o l l e c t e d by George Foss from V i o l e t Cole of Fancy Gap, Va., 10 July 1962; 7 stas., w i t h tune.

S.H.82: Bronson 155 no.42 from LC/AAFS recording no. 12,006 (A29); ' L i t t l e S i r Hugh', c o l l e c t e d by George Foss from Rebecca Jane Collins,  Mount Airy, N.C., 10 July 1962; 2 stas., w i t h tune.

S.H.83: Bronson 155 no.44, from Brewster, J.A.F., XLVIII (1935), p.297; also i n Brewster, Ballads and Songs of Ind . , p.130; 'The Jew's Garden', noted by Mrs. I.L. Johnson from the singing of Mrs. Hiram Vaughan, Oakland City , Ind., 3 March 1935; Mrs. Vaughan learned it from her mother; 9 stas., w i t h tune.

S.H.84: Bronson 155 no.45, from Arnold, Folk Songs of Ala., p. 42; 'It Rained, It Mist', sung by Nell Young, H u n t s v i l l e , Ala. (n.d.); 9 stas., w i t h tune.

S.H.85: Bronson 155 no.46, from Henry, J.A.F., XLIV (1931), p. 65; also in Henry, Folk Songs from the Southern Highlands, pp.103-104; 'Hugh of L i n c o l n', collected from the singing o f M.M. Hoover of New York C i t y , who learned it from his mother in South East Pa.; 10 stas., with tune.

S.H.86: Bronsbn 155 no.47, from Davis, Trad. Ballads of Va., pp.412-413 and 589 (K) ; 'The Jew's Daughter', c o l l e c t e d by John Stone from Ed Davis and Mrs. Marion Browning, Shipman, Va.; contributed 15 November 1916; 4 stas., with tune.

S.H.87: Bronson 155 no.48, from Eddy, Ballads and Songs from Ohio, p.66; also in Tolman and Eddy, J.A.F., XXXV (1922), p.344; 'The Jew's Garden', sung by Mrs. Charles Wise, P e r r y s v i l l e , Ohio; 9 stas., with tune.

S.H.88: a. Bronson 155 no.49, from Gresham, J.A.F., XLVII, (1934) pp.358-359 and 361; l i s t e d by Davis, Folk Songs o f Va., p.25 (2, 'It Rained a Mist', c o l l e c t e d by Foster B. and Dorothy Gresham from Mrs. Ruth Jones, Prince George County, Va., 23 February 1933; Mrs. Jones learned it from a cousin in Apex, Wake County, N.C., who learned it from her f a t h e r ; 10 stas., w i t h tune.
         b. Gresham, J.A.F., XLVII, p.360; 8 stas., s l i g h t l y garbled, sung by Marie Caudle, niece of the singer of 'a', Mrs. Jones, at Matoaca School, Chesterfield County, Va., 4 February, 1933; l i s t e d by Davis, Folk Songs o f Va., p. 25 ( 3 ) .

S.H.89: Bronson 155 no.50, from Matteson and Henry, Beech Mountain Folk
Songs and Ballads, pp.22-23; 'Sir Hugh, or the Jew's Daughter',
sung by Mrs. J.E. S c h e l l , Banner Elk, N.C., 15 July 1933; 8 stas. — - -
w i t h tune; begins, " I t rained, i t rained, i t rained, i t rained."
S.H.90: a. Bronson 155 no.51, from Parsons and Roberts, J.A.F., XLIV
(1931), p.296, 'Sir Hugh o f L i n c o l n ' , sung by May F. Hoisington,
Rye, New York (n.d.); learned i n Pa., from her nurse, of
Welsh e x t r a c t i o n ; 7 stas., w i t h tune; begins 'One day i t
rained i n our town.'
b. unpublished; see R.V.W. L i b r a r y Lucy Broadwood MS.,
pp.454-455; 'Sir Hugh and the Jew's Daughter', "sung by
a lady who l e a r n t i t from a nurse of I r i s h extraction about
35 years ago", i.e. c.1880; contributed and noted by
Mr. A. Foxton Ferguson, Kensington, London ( ? ) , 10 December 1916;
7 stas., w i t h tune, both v i r t u a l l y i d e n t i c a l with 'a'.
S.H.91: Bronson 155 no.52, from R. Smith, S.C. Ballads, p.148;
'The Two Playmates', sung by Mrs. E.L. B o l i n , McCormick County,
S.C.; learned i n childhood from a playmate's grandmother i n
Spartanburg County, S.C.; 9 stas., with tune; begins, " I t rained,
alas I i t r a i n e d , alas I "
S.H.92: Bronson 155 no.53, from Davis, Trad. Ballads of Va., pp.413 and 590
( L ) ; 'Sir Hugh', contributed by Mr. and Mrs. George D. McLaughlin,
Benicia, C a l i f . , 15 May 1916; learned in Rockbridge County, Va.;
7 stas., w i t h tune.
S.H.93: Bronson 155 no.54, from Davis, Trad. Ballads, o f Va., pp.404-405 and
588 (C); ' I t Rained a Mist', contributed by Alfreda M. Peel,
24 A p r i l 1923, from the s i n g i n g of Miss Marie H a t f i e l d , Vinton, Va.
9 stas., w i t h tune.
S.H.94: Beckwith, J.A.F., LXIV (1951), pp.224-225; 'The Jew's Garden',
contributed by Miss H.K. Mull, c.1931, who c o l l e c t e d i t from her
grandmother, Mrs. J.B. F r i c k e r o f Reading, Pa.; Mrs. F r i c k er
learned the song i n secondary school; 7 stas., without tune.
S.H.95: Belden, J.A.F., XIX (1906), pp.293-294 ( a ) ; 'The Jew's Garden',
c o l l e c t e d by Miss Williams i n C l i n t o n County, Mo.; 9 stas., without
tune; begins, " I t rained a l l n i g h t and i t rained a l l day".
S.H.96: i b i d . , p.294 ( b ) ; 'The Jew's Garden', collected by Miss Williams
i n Clinton County, Mo.; the c o n t r i b u t o r learned i t years ago i n
Ky.; 6 stas., without tune; begins, " I t rained a l l night and i t
rained a l l day."
S.H.97: Brewster.Ballads and Songs o f I n d . , pp.132-133 (C); 'The Jew's
Daughter', contributed by Mrs. C.H. Allarden of McLeansboro, 111.;
8 stas., without tune; the f i r s t stanza has been remodelled and
begins, "One Friday i n the month o f May".
S.H.98: Brown, C o l l e c t i o n of N.C. Folklore, I I , pp.156-157 (A); collected
by W. Amos Abrahams from Mary Best of S t a t e s v i l l e , I r e d e l l County,
N.C.; 9 stas., without tune.

S.H. 99; Brown, Colin, of N.C. F o l k l o r e , II , pp. 157 -158 (B); ' It Rained a Mist', sent to Professor Hudson in 1932 by one o f h i s students, Miss Marjorie Craig, who obtained it from a p u p i l , Cleophas Bray of Roanoke Rapids, N.C.; Bray learned it from his mother; 8 stas., tune p r i n t e d in Brown, C o l l e c t i o n of N.C. Folklore , IV, p.82, not noted by Bronson, but of group C type.

S.H.100: Brown, C o l l e c t i o n o f N.C. F o l k l o r e , II , pp.158-159 (C); 'Ballad', also sent to Prof. Hudson in 1932 by Marjorie Craig; sung by Vivian Bast at Greensboro, N.C., who learned it from her grandmother in Md.; 9 stas., without tune; begins, " It was r a i n i n g hard the other day."

S.H. 101: ibid., pp.159-160 (D); 'The Jewish Lady', sent to Prof. Hudson in May 1942 by Miss Margaret Johnson of Raleigh, N.C.,
who obtained it from the s i n g i n g of her mother, then aged 70, who had learned it in childhood; 7 stas., tune p r i n t e d in Brown,C o l l e c t i o n of N.C. F o l k l o r e , IV, p.83, not noted by Bronson but of group 'C type; begins, "A little boy went out one day."

S.H.102: Cox, Folk Songs o f the South, pp.120-121 (A);- ' I t Rained a Mist', communicated by Miss Violet H i e t t , Great Cacapon, Morgan County, W.Va., February 1917; obtained from her f a t h e r, who learned it when a c h i l d from his mother; 9 stas., without tune.

S.H.103: i b i d . , pp.121-122 (B); ' I t Rained, I t Mist', communicated by
Professor Walter Barnes, 19 May 1916; obtained from Miss L e l ia
Withers, Grafton Taylor County, W.Va., who learned i t from her
mother; • 9 stas., without tune.
S.H.104: i b i d . , pp.122-123 (C); 'The Jew's Daughter', communicated by
Miss Mildred Joy Barker, Monongalia County, W.Va., 2 October 1916;
obtained from her mother; the v e r s i o n has been known i n the
f a m i l y f o r many years; 8 stas., without tune.
S.H.105: i b i d . , pp.123-124 (D); 'The Jew's Daughter', communicated by
George Faugh; obtained from Mrs. Charles Young of Davis,
Tucker County, W.Va.; Mrs. Young learned i t as a c h i l d;
9 stas., without tune.
S.H.106: i b i d . , pp.124-125 (E); 'The Jew's Lady', contributed i n May 1916
by Mrs. Snoah McCourt, Orndoff, Webster County, V/.Va., who
learned i t from her mother; 8 stas., without tune.
S.H.107: i b i d . , pp.125-126 (F); 'The Jew's Daughter', communicated by
Miss Minnie Lee Dickinson; obtained from Mrs. David Fowler,
Cheat Neck, W.Va., who learned i t from her mother; 9 stas.,
without tune.
S.H.108: Davis, Trad. Ballads of Va., pp.402-403 (B); 'The Jew's Daughter',
c o l l e c t e d by Miss Martha M. Davis, from the s i n g i n g o f Mrs. Elmer
Brunk of Rockingham County, Va., 6 November 1913; 10 stas.,
without tune; begins, " I t rained, i t snowed i n New Scotland";
c f . above, group I l l . i . , feature ( a ) .
S.H.109: i b i d . . p.409 (G); ' I t Rained a Mist', collected by Miss J u l i et
Fauntleroy from the s i n g i n g of Miss Hooney Wright, from Surrey
County, N.C. and A l t a v l s t a , Va.; contributed 18 September 1915;
8 stas.,.without tunc.
Aid
Appendix G. group I l l . i v . (cont'd)
S.H.110: Davis,. Trad. B a l l a d s o f Va. . pp. 410 - 411 (H) ;
' I f Rained a M i s t ' , r e p o r t e d by P r o f e s s o r J.M..
G r a i n g e r and c o n t r i b u t e d by Miss Ruth Soyers of- •'
Brim, N.C., from P a t r i c k County, Va.; 20 November 1913;
8 stas., without tune.
S . H . I l l : i b i d . . pp.414-415 (M); 'The Jew's Daughter', collected by
John Stone from the singing of Miss Gipson, C h a r l o t t e s v i l l e , Va.;
contributed 10 November 1919; 8 stas., without tune.
S.H.112: Davis, More Trad. Ballads of Va., pp.231-233 (AA); 'The Jew's
Daughter', collected by Fred F. Knobloch, John Powell, H i l t on
Rufty and A.K. Davis J r . ' ; sung by Mrs. Martha Elizabeth Gibson
of Crozet, Va., 17 May 1931; tune noted by J. Powell; 13 stas.,
w i t h tune ( c l a s s i f i e d as Bronson 155 no.34c, i . e . group C).
S.H.113: i b i d . , pp.233-234 (BB); also p r i n t e d , without tune, i n Grapurchat
(East Radford State Teachers' C o l l . , Va.), X I , no.18 (1932), p.3;
'The Jewish Lady', sung by Miss Eunice Yeatts of Meadows o f Dan,
P a t r i c k County, Va., 10 August 1932; text transcribed by
P.C. Worthington and tune noted by G.W. Williams; 9 stas.,
w i t h tune (of Bronson group C type).
S.H.114: Davis, More Trad. Ballads of Va., pp.236-238 (DD);. recorded by
A.K. Davis, J r . from the singing of Mrs. W.F. Starkey of Crozet,
Va., 11 November 1932; text transcribed by P.C. Worthington and
tune noted by E.G. Mead; text and tune also independently collected
by Fred F. Knbbloch, 1 May 1931; 7 stas. , v/ith tune ( c l a s s i f i ed
by Bronson as 155 no.3a., i . e . group A.a.); begins, " I t rained
a l l day and i t r a i n e d a l l n i g h t ."
S.H.115: a. Gainer, Folk Songs of the West Va. H i l l s , pp.68-69; 'The
Duke's Daughter', sung by Mrs. Rogers of Newton, Roane County,
W.Va.; 9 stas., w i t h tune (Bronson group C type).
b. West Va. Folklore (Fairmont, W.Va.), IX (1959), pp.20-21;
' I t Rained a Mist', apparently from the singer o f 'a',
Mrs. Zona Rogers of Newton, as sung at the G l e n v i l l e Folk
F e s t i v a l under the d i r e c t i o n of Dr. Gainer; 8 stas. , w i t h .
tune, both s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t from 'a'.
S.H.116: Henry, Folk Songs from the Southern Highlands, pp.104-105 (B);
'A L i t t l e Boy Lost His B a l l ' , obtained from Mrs. Mary Tucker,
V a r n e l l , Ga., 1929; Mrs. Tucker's parents, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel
Harmon, came from Cade's Cove, Tenn.; 8 stas., without tune;
begins, "On one dark and misty day".
S.H.117: Hippensteel, Indiana F o l k l o r e , I I , no.2 (1969), pp.101-102
(H - 1), tune on p.117; ' I t Mist, I t Rained', sung by
V.E. Ritz, aged 85, May 1965; learned from his grandmother,
Rachel Belding, born i n Jackson County, Ind., i n 1832; tune
scored by Esther R. Collyer; 10 stas., with tune (of Bronson
group C type).
S.H.118: i b i d . , pp.103-104 (H - 2) and tune, p.118; ' I t Rained, I t M i s t ',
sung by Dr. Daniel Pugh, 9 November 1968 at Alexandria, Va.;
Pugh learned the song c.1927 from h i s grandfather, Jess Pugh of
• Rushville, Ind.; 7 stas., with tune (of Bronson group C type).
415
Appendix G, group I l l . i v . (cont'd)
S.H.119: Hippensteel, Ind. F o l k l o r e . I I , pp.105-106 (H),
t u n e p.118; 'The Blue (Dew) Drum Boy',
sung by Mr. Shirley Burpo, M a r t i n s v i l l e , Ind., May 1965 and
22 November 1968; learned from h i s f a t h e r , aged over 70;
7 stas., w i t h tune (of Bronson group C type).
S.H.120: i b i d . , pp.107-109 (H - 4) and tune, pp.119-120; 'The Jew's
Garden', sung by Mrs. Clara C o r y e l l , formerly of Jackson County,
Ind., 9 February 1965, May 1965 and 14 December 1967; Mrs. Coryell
learned the b a l l a d c.1906-1908 from her aunt's husband, James
Costin of Austin, who l i v e d near her home; 7 stas., with tune
(of Bronson group C^ t y p e ).
S.H.121: i b i d . , pp.110-111 (H - 5 ) , tune p.121; ' I t Rained A l l Day',
sung by Mrs. Wallace Harrod o f F l a t r o c k , Ind., w i t h her s i s t e r s,
2 February 1965 and 1 November 1967; the song has "always been
i n the f a m i l y " ; 7 stas., w i t h tune (of Bronson group C type);
begins, " I t rained a l l day, i t rained a l l night".
S.H.122: i b i d . , pp.111-113 (H - 6 ) , tune p.121; 'The Jew's Garden', sung
by Mrs. Robert Jackson of Anderson, Ind., and her mother, Mrs. Van
T i l b u r y , on 2 November 1967; Mrs. Jackson learned the song from
her father, George W. Van T i l b u r y , who learned i t from h is
mother, Louisa Hollenbeck of Zanesville, Ohio (born 23 June 1845);
8 stas., w i t h tune (of Bronson group C type).
S.H.123:' ibid.., pp.113-114 (H - 7 ) ; ' I t Rained A Mist', sung by
Mrs. Roy Peters (Lula M. Young Peters) of Lafayette on
18 February 1965; learned c.1902 from her mother, nee Bowers;
Mrs. Peters died before the tune could be recorded; 7 stas.,
without tune.
S.H.124: i b i d . , pp.115-116 (H - 8 ) , tune p.122; ' I t Rained A l l Day and
I t Rained A l l Night' ( f i r s t l i n e ) , or 'The Minstrel Boy';
sung by Mrs. Richard Steuerwald of M a r t i n s v i l l e , Ind. on
2 February and i n May 1965; Mrs. Steuerwald learned the ballad
from her mother; 8 stas., with tune (of Bronson group C type).
S.H.125: Moore and Moore, Ballads and Songs of the South West, pp.89-91;
'The Jew's Daughter', sung by Mrs. M. M. Goodwin of M i l f a y , Okla.,
who learned the song from her parents, who were born i n Ky.;
9 stas., w i t h tune (type unknown).
S.H.126: Randolph, Ozark Folk Songs, I , p.150 (B); Mrs. R.P. H i l l,
Galena, Missouri contributed t h i s ( u n t i t l e d ) variant on
4 June 1934; she learned i t years before i n Okla.; 3 stas.,
without tune.
S.H.127: Tolman, J.A.F., XXIX (1916), p.165; also i n Pound, American
Ballads and Songs, no.5 A, pp.13-14; 'The Jewish Lady',
contributed by Mrs. Pearl H. Bartholomew from Mrs. Flo K e l l e r,
both of Warren, Ind.; 6 stas., without tune.
S.H.128: Welch, West Va. Folklore (Fairmont, W.Va.), I l l , Ft.2 (1953),
pp.20-21; also i n Musick, West Va. Folklore, X I , Ft.2 (1961),
pp.21-22; ' I t Rained A Mist", from a notebook c o l l e c t i on
contributed by Lynn V/elch as w r i t t e n down by h i s mother i n 1910;
7 stas., without tune.
416
Appendix G, group I l l . i v (cont'd)
S.H.129: West Va. F o l k l o r e , V, Pt.2 (1955), pp.26-27; ' I t rained a l l day'
(photocopy acquired through I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n t e r - L i b r a r y Loan
Service supplies no d e t a i l s ) ; 8 stas., without tune; begins,
" I t rained a l l day, i t rained a l l n i g h t ."
IV. Unclassified Texts
S.H.130: Bronson 155 no.43, from Sharp MSS. 528/601; also i n Sharp,
J.F.S.S. , V, no.20 (1916), p.253 (1) and i n Sharp,Collection,
ed Karpeles, I , pp.153-154, no.31 B; ' L i t t l e S i r Hugh',
sung by John Swain a t Donyatt, Somerset, 7 August 1905;
5 stas., w i t h tune (Bronson group C); garbled.
S.H.131: Bronson 155 no.58 from Andrew B l a i k i e MS., National Library of
Scotland, Edinburgh MS. 1578 no.57, p.20; 'The Jew's Daughter'
(no f u r t h e r d e t a i l s ) ; tune only (Bronson group F ) .
S.H.132: Bronson 155 no.59, from Honoria Galwey, Old I r i s h Croonauns,
Dublin?, 1910, p.15; ' L i t t l e S i r Hugh', learned from a servant
i n childhood at Innishewen, Donegal, Eire; tune only ( ? ),
(Bronson group G).
S.H.133: Bronson 155 no.62, from John S t a f f o r d Smith, Musica Antigua,
2 vols.', London 1812, I , p.65; sung by Elizabeth Linley
(Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan); tune only (Bronson group J ) ;
t e x t i s t h a t of S.H.2.
S.H.134: Fowler, L i t e r a r y History, p.267, note 40; recollected by
Mrs. Earle B. Fowler and her s i s t e r , Miss Evabelle Covington,
from t h e i r childhood at Broadacre, Monroe, N.C.; 1 s t a . , without
tune.
S.H.135: P i l l i n g , English Dance and Song, XXVIII, no.2 (1966), p.48;
'The Jew's Wall', c o l l e c t e d by J u l i a n P i l l i n g from L i l l i an
P l e y d e l l , formerly o f Stepney Green; Miss Pleydell and her
s i s t e r s as c h i l d r e n used to sing themselves t o sleep with the
song; 4 stas., w i t h tune.

V. References Printed Without Texts
L i s t e d below are the v a r i a n t number, singer, place of o r i g i n , date and
number o f stanzas. Apparently, no v a r i a n t has a tune.
Combs, Folk Songs o f the Southern United States, ed. Wilgus: p.205:
31 A
31 B
31 C
C.1924, 9 stas
W.Va., 8 stas
W.Va., 9 stas
417
Appendix G, section V (cont'd)
Cox, Folk Songs o f the South, p.127:
Mr. Showan, Roane County, W.Va., 1915, 7 stas.
Mrs. Laurence C. Roby, Fairmont, W.Va., 1915, 7 stas.
Richard Elkins Hyde, Martinsburg, W.Va., 1916, 8 stas.
Fred M. Smith, G l e n v i l l e , W.Va., 6 stas.
Mrs. S t e l l a Thomas, Ben Bush, W.Va., 7 stas.
Mrs. Snyder o f Roane County, W.Va., 1915, 6 stas.
Prof. Walter Barnes, Fairmont, W.Va., 6 stas.
Miss V i o l e t Noland, Davis, W.Va., 1916.
Davis, Trad. Ballads of Va., p.620:
(1) Mrs. Lewis Payne, Rockingham County, Va., 1913, 6 stas.
(2) Adam Gowl, Rockingham County, Va., 1913, 10 stas.
(3) Colld. John Stone, Nelson County, Va., 1915, 3 stas.
B.L. Jones, Folklore i n Michigan, p.5: . t i t l e only, no d e t a i l s.
V I . Unexamined References from C o f f i n and Renwick, B r i t i s h Trad. Ballad
i n North' America (1977), pp.107 and 249, given i n Alphabetical Order.
References marked w i t h an a s t e r i s k are those stated by the I n t e r n a t i o n al
I n t e r - L i b r a r y Loans Service, or by Hippensteel, Ind. Folklore, I I (1969),
pp.139-140, to contain no t e x t s .
*Altoona Tribune (Altoona, Fa.), 16 November 1931, 6.
H.M. Belden, Missouri Folk Songs (University o f Missouri Studies vol.XV,
n o . l ) , 1913, pp.69-73.
^Berea Quarterly (Berea, Ky.), X V I I I , p.12.
B u l l e t i n of the Tennessee Folklore Society (Marysville and Athens, Tenn.),
V I I I , no.3, p.76.
Arthur P. Hudson, Specimens o f M i s s i s s i p p i Folklore, Ann Arbor, 1928,'
pp.17-18.
•''^John' Edwards Memorial Foundation Quarterly (Los Angeles, C a l i f . ),
IX, no.2 (1973), p.60.
^Kentucky Folklore Record (Bowling Green, Ky.), 1957, p.92.
*New York Tribune, 27 J u l y and 4 August 1922.
^Hubert Shearin and Josiah Combs, A Syllabus of Kentucky Folk Songs
(Transylvania Studies i n E n g l i s h ) , Lexington, Ky., 1911, p.8.
Tennessee Folklore Society B u l l e t i n (Nashville, Tenn.), 1965, pp.42-47.
^'•Virginia Folklore Society B u l l e t i n ( C h a r l o t t e s v i l l e , Va.),
no.2, pp.3, 6; no.3, p.5; no.4, pp.4, 8; no.5, pp.6-8;
no.7, pp.5-6; no,9, p.